中文导游词
大家好，欢迎来到上海博物馆参观。博物馆向人们展示的人类文明的窗口，而上海博物馆是上海乃至中国向海内外公众展示我们中华五千年文明的窗口。
上海博物馆是位于上海市人民广场南端，该馆创建于1952年，是上海市市领导决策，支持和海内外各界的慷慨捐助下，经过两年时间建设，最终落成在大家眼前的这座国内大型的综合性艺术博物馆。
上海博物馆作为上海城市文明的标志，与上海地位相适应，所以系设计方案都是十分严格。经筛选，采用上海建筑设计研究院刑同和副总设计师主持的设计方案。
新馆占地33亩，地下二层，地上五层，地面高度系29.5米，建筑面积达4万平方米。原来的上海博物馆只有4个陈列馆，现在增扩至10个陈列馆和1个专馆。展览面积达1.2万平方米，是原来的3.4倍。有11个长期展览的陈列馆如：青铜器、陶瓷、雕刻、玉器和少数民族工艺品等。而1995年先有青铜器馆、陶瓷馆和雕刻馆正式对公众开放。
我们现在站在博物馆大门前，看一下这个新馆的造型，它的设计是方形基座与圆形放射型相结合，有着鲜明的空间感。“方”象征着四面八方，“圆”着意文化渊源之循环往复，这个馆的四座“拱门”弧线，体现了开放的世界。整座建筑犹如一尊放大有耳的中国古代青铜器。如果从高空中俯瞰，我们可以看到这个个圆盘形的屋顶恰似一面巨大汉镜。不仅蕴含了极具中国特色的文化传统“天圆地方”，凝聚着中华文明结晶，更体现了我们是基于现代科技，面向世界、面向未来的时代感。新上海博物馆是上海市现代化的跨世纪标志性建筑之一。
下面请大家随我一同走进这座上海新博物馆，一同感受我国中华五千年文明，投入追古依旧之中。博物馆的大厅地铺青砖，墙饰米黄色花岗岩，大厅中央地面镶有古朴硕大的宝相花图案。我们首先参观的是“青铜器馆”。
青铜器是中国古代文化的瑰宝，青铜器文化是记录奴隶社会的形象载体。上海博物馆收藏的青铜器门类齐全，器物精湛。以商、西周、春秋、战国各时代、各地区成系统的收藏来讲，上海博物馆与北京故宫博物院、台北故宫博物馆不相上下。上海博物馆尤以长篇铭文同历史著录的重器为特色。而这个青铜器馆充分反映了中国青铜工艺发展的完整体系同中国民族非凡的创造力。
青铜是人类历史上的一项伟大发明，是世界冶金铸造史上最早的合金。是红铜加入锡、铅，成为一种新的合金，这种合金历经几千年的化学反应，其表面出现一层青灰色的锈，也是我们眼前看到的这些。
中国青铜工艺的时代跨度，大致从公元前21世纪的夏代至公元前221年以前的战国时代，可分为初始期、育成期、鼎盛期、转变期、更新期等几个阶段。中国的青铜器主要是以礼器为主，其形制大概可以划归为五大类，即日常用器(炊器、食器、酒器、饰物)、乐器、兵器、工具和货币。
刚刚大家已看过青铜器的初始期和育成期了，下面等我来向大家介绍一下青铜器的鼎盛期。青铜器的鼎盛期是从商代晚期至西周早期。这个时期的青铜器铸作精湛，而且都是成套的铸作，品种之多系空前绝后的。这时期的青铜器上大多装饰兽面纹同各种动物纹，瑰异庄严，神秘莫测，这些都是体现了人们对大自然力量的崇拜。
就好像这个“簋”，在古代是用来放置食物的器皿。形状或方或圆，在当时是贵族的食器或祭器。但后来又逐渐流传到民间，而我们民间更有“九大簋”之说。何谓“九大簋”呢?意思是筵席的时候好丰盛，有九个大簋装放菜肴食物。古时祭祀，通常都是“二簋”、“四簋”、“八簋”，但有些地方惯称盛宴为“九大簋”。在“九”与“簋”之间还加个“大”，不单指多，而且含有极其丰盛、隆重意思。人们所讲的“簋”，是指可装五至六斤米饭之“大碗”。按现代人的食量，“九大簋”可供一百几十人享用。由此可知，“九大簋”是极言其饭菜之丰盛，夸耀其筵席规格之高。
传统“九大簋”的九道菜已经演变成我们现代“九大簋”的这九道菜，分别是：1.虾米炖冬菇;2.猪皮胶炖田鸭;3.南乳冬笋炖花腩;4.白切鸡;5.柴火炖大白菜;6.荷兰豆炒双鱿鸡杂;7.蒜蓉炖海蚬;8.扣肉煲;9.咕噜肉。
可以说是层出不穷，花样百出。听我讲了这么多美味的菜肴大家是不是也想品尝一番。大家看一下这个，这是现存西周青铜器中第二大器“大克鼎”。它是于1890年在陕西扶风出土，重201.5公斤。最为珍贵的是它内腹壁铸铭文290个，记载了大贵族颂扬其祖先师华父辅助周王的功德、周夷王赏赐他命服、土地及奴隶等史实。
前面的是青铜工艺的转变期。再往前走，就是青铜器铸造技术达到了新的高峰的更新期。在这时期的青铜器的礼器特性逐渐消失，而且相当一部分转化为日常生活器用。
大家看一下这些都是近年抢救的14件晋候酥编钟，大的52cm，小的22cm。铭文记载了晋献候在周宣王率领下进行战争中，杀敌数百，擒获俘虏多批，因而受到周宣王亲临赏赐。还有这个，由马馆长从香港抢救回国的西汉早期错金银鸟篆书铜壶，这个壶是诸侯王的用器，但可惜的是这个壶失去了一个盖，它代表了西汉时期青铜器金银错工艺的最高水准，属一级文物中特殊精品。
大家一边参观有关古代青铜器铸造过程的模拟陈列和制瓷工艺的方法，一同随我走进另一个馆-—“陶瓷馆”。
陶瓷是中国古代伟大的发明之一。陶器在我国有着悠久的历史，在距今88XX年前的江西省万年县已有古人制陶足迹。在这里展示了不同时期陶器文化，历史文物。在唐代以前，陶器的制造，从选料，色彩，工序上都比较单调。一直到唐代，“唐三彩”的出现也标志着我国陶瓷进入了绚丽多彩的阶段。“唐三彩”是以铁、铜、锰、钴等金属原料为呈色剂，在低温氧化中烧成黄、绿、褐、紫等多种色彩。以前的唐三彩主要是作为陪葬品，以马的形象最生动，而骆驼也常见。好像这头骆驼驮着货物，在行进中仰首嘶鸣，两只驼峰左右分开，这普通的生理特征，被永恒地保留下来。
还有宜兴的紫砂器也是名闻天下的。宜兴是中国的“陶都”。紫砂茶具是由陶器发展而成的，而宜兴烧制的紫砂器质地细腻，坚硬而耐寒耐热，泡茶不失原味，还能保持真香，且传热缓慢不易烫手，颜色以赤褐色、淡黄色和紫黑色多种，造型多样，是泡茶首选器皿。历史上曾有“一壶重不数两，价重每一二十金，能使土与黄金争价”之说，好的紫砂器价值不菲，我们所看见的大多是明清时名人名家所作，甚为珍贵。
除陶器外，这里还向人们展示了我国独特创造发明的瓷器。这里主要展示的是瓷器的发展和烧制瓷器的设备――窑，以及瓷器制品的展览。中国是瓷器的故乡。瓷器的发明是中国古代劳动人民对人类文明又一伟大贡献。在3000多年前的殷商时期就由青瓷的生产，但大多是陪葬品，而且在造型上仿制青铜器。好像这件商代青釉弦纹尊也属陪葬品，但这可以说是现存原始瓷器中器形完整、釉汁匀净的上品。
一直到宋代是中国陶瓷史上空前繁荣时期，呈现出汝、定、官、哥、钧“五大名窑”和龙泉、耀州、磁州、建阳、吉州窑等百花齐放的局面。汝窑窑址位于河南宝丰县，史五大名窑之首，为冠绝古今之中国瓷器名窑。专烧青瓷，供宫廷用;定窑在河北曲阳县，瓷器多以白瓷为主，且多采用金属包边;官窑，听名都想到是皇室官府所开的，现在大家所见的都是南宋官窑瓷器，大家看这些窑器，用料讲究，制作工整，布满细碎纹片，口沿釉薄处隐露紫褐色胎，足部露胎呈黑色，俗称“紫口铁足”;还有这些哥窑烧制而成的，由于烧制过程中产生的缺陷而造成一种瑕疵美，被人赋以“金丝铁线”、“网格金线”，这件哥窑汝钉足洗堪称哥窑代表作。
一直到元代，江西景德镇成为我国制瓷的中心，景德镇也被称为“瓷都”。景德镇的瓷器工艺的成熟与发展，结束了原有以青瓷为主流的传统，开创了以青花为主流的彩色釉发展道路。青花的优点是着色力强，发色明快;蓝花白地，素雅明净;青花为釉下彩绘，有釉保护，永不退色。
清代是中国古代瓷器发展的最后一个高峰，尤以康、雍、乾时期为突出。釉上彩分五彩、斗彩、粉彩和珐琅彩。五彩瓷器以“康熙五彩”最为突出，造型丰富，除红、黄、绿三色，还发明了釉上蓝和黑色，这件五彩百鸟朝凤盘，器形规整，画面生动，实为五彩佳作。
最后，陶瓷器馆还有古代瓷器制作坊和窑炉的模拟陈列。通过参观，可以对我国古代瓷器制作工艺与窑炉式样、功能有个概略的了解。
英文导游词
brief:
shanghai museum is a must-see for foreign visitors to shanghai.
shanghai museum is especially famous for its treasures of bronzes, ceramics, chinese calligraphy and traditional paintings.
location:
the shanghai museum is situated in the heart of people’s square. opposite to the city hall and is surrounded by the moon and sun corridor.
history:
it was built in the 1930s, formerly occupied by zhong hui bank owned by a shanghai celebrity yuesheng du. in 1952, it was converted into a museum. the new museum building was erected in september 1994 and most of the facilities were installed in 1995. it was entirely opened on october 12 in 1996. the five big gilt characters on the lintel were written by yi chen, the first mayor of shanghai after the founding of new china.
with a collection of over 120,000 pieces of cultural relics in 12 categories, including bronze, ceramics (pottery and porcelain ware), calligraphy, paintings, jade and ivory ware, numismatics, furniture, seal carvings, sculptures, arts and crafts and costumes of chinese minorities, shanghai museum is especially famous for its collection of bronzes, ceramics, paintings and calligraphy. and there is also a special gallery of donated relics and three temporary exhibition halls.
with a collection of over 120,000 pieces of cultural relics in 12 categories, including bronze, ceramics (pottery and porcelain ware), calligraphy, paintings, jade and ivory ware, numismatics, furniture, seal carvings, sculptures, arts and crafts and costumes of chinese minorities, shanghai museum is especially famous for its collection of bronzes, ceramics, paintings and calligraphy. and there is also a special gallery of donated relics and three temporary exhibition halls.
湖南长沙博物馆三国吴简英文导游词2017博物馆导游词（2） | 返回目录The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to Changsha museum. Well be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”. I hope my explanation can satisfy you!
Now, we are in the first exhibition hall. Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom. In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with Ping He Tang Department. The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams. They unearth 61 archaic wells during the
Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on. To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden
slips. After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago. These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly. Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet. Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.
Everybody! Please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well. Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating. This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft; the bottom has a bag form likely. The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth. The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer. The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form. The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time. There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics. The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up
with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on. At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame. The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall. The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall. The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, andthen put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry. This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.
Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food. The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator. The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.
You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements. The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry. The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.
Now please look at the photo. This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well. We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud. Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water. Besides, they were buried deeply; they can be sealed up wall. With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.
Next, let’s visit the second exhibition room. In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Before we visit, I have a question to ask. Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the question, let’s look at the photo of the pottery figurine. This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s. On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something. The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them. Did you guess it?
To see another set of photos. This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954. Its shaft is long and small but easy to be broken. On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved. This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it. Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes. This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State. In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character. This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now. Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”. It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.
Please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century. Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time. The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years. Therefore, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”
It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom Period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by Chenshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters. Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom Period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece. These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works. We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.
Well, let us have a look at this map. Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “Pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle. And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed basically nearly 3000years.
The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on; if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:
The first kind is document. It can be subdivided into two parts. One is the land rent document with 0.5m long, 2.5cm wide and 100 to 200 Chinese characters on. The other is the official document which recorded the distribution and exchanging of money, crops, and goods among different governmental setups. Please look at this smaller slice. It is a classified label. It shows us a monthly report recorded by two officials named Huang Wei and Pan lv in the first year of Jia He period.
Second, about judicature, which recorded some detail contents and economic cases, such as the trying, appealing and reexamining? What’s on this wooden tablet is an individual case about a Du You. Du You is a kind of government official. He was sentenced to death for his corruptness of salt, but he was not convinced and appealed to a high court. However, the reexamining did not make the judge change. So he had nothing to do but accept.
The third kind is directory, somewhat like the household and registered books today. Let’s look at this slice. Here the Chinese character “Rong Li”was a name of some place in Changsha. This whole sentence means there is a man named He Qin, 55 years old, lived in Rong Li. His dukedom is Gong Cheng. And here "Suan Yi" means can be counted as one of a taxpayer;" Xing Liang Zu" refers to whose legs had been cut off. The directory served as a registered permanent resident, which put down people’s name, age, position and something we can’t find in our registered permanent resident---physical condition.
The fourth one is calling card. It mainly referred to paying respect, giving gift and administrative affairs, as visiting cards we use today.
The last kind is the wooden tablet on account which recorded the managing account of departments belongs to Changsha government.
Please look at these historical relics again. This blue and green porcelain in the Three Kingdoms and Tow Jin Dynasties were discovered in ZouMalou ancient well. Look, their glazed colors is sparking and crystal-clear, the decorate are simple and element. The second among them is called "Chichen-Head Potting", the potting is coronal form, guides the neck and proceeded high, and the modeling of it is very beautiful. These potting were very popular in Jin Dynasty. They were used as pitcher and chalice.
Everybody has seen many photos, has listened to so much explanation, now we come to see the original of the bamboo slips, wooden tablets or slips for writing.
Now, you see in the pyramid shape exhibition cupboard, it is a bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips original that explored in Zoumalou in the ancient well of the building this time. The bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are the material that the ancient remains of our country come down to write. Among them the narrow and long bamboo, the wood chips are called "Jian", the generous wood chips called "Du". You must distinguish one from the other, not wood make are named "Du", what bamboo make named "Jian". Jian has the wooden one, too. Ok, the right side of I there set some inscribed wooden tablets, the middle are heavy inscribed wooden slips. In the left, they are bamboo slips that pressed under the transparent glass. The characters on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are simple and clear. It’s easily can be distinguished. The script is the transition from Lishu to Regular script.
These kinds of inscribed wooden slips and inscribed wooden tablets are made in shirt woods. The quality of these trees is pre-pressing. It is intact to keep. The raw materials of inscribed bamboo slips is bamboo whose quality is loose, apt and crooked and out of shape, so it in displaying and need press when exhibiting. The ancients have several procedures to make the bamboo slips. First, they cut the bamboo into bamboo slips, and then burnished them in order to make them smooth, these smooth slips called “Jian”. But people could not write on the wet bamboo slips. Then, they roasted dry the wet bamboo slips. While roasting, there was some water steaming out. The water looked like sweet, so people called those “Sweet Qing”or “Sha Qing”.
The “Guo Ling Ding Yang”of Wen Tianxiang said that “Since ancient times, who has no death? Remaining sincere heart to finish ‘Sweet Qing’.
Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha has very strong historical value, article value and scientific value, so the provincial leaders, city leaders and related experts decided to set up an exhibition of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.
秦兵马俑博物馆导游词2017博物馆导游词（3） | 返回目录女士们，先生们大家好!今天我将带领大家去参观号称“世界第八大奇迹”的秦始皇兵马俑博物馆。秦俑博物馆是一个专题性的遗址博物馆，是我国封建社会第一位皇帝秦始皇陵的一个陪葬坑。在参观秦俑博物馆之前，我想应该先向大家介绍一下秦始皇这个人。
秦始皇是中国封建社会的创立者，也是一个文武双全的皇帝。他姓嬴名政，于公元前259年出生于赵国的都城邯郸。他13岁时就继承了王位，但是按照当时的制度，他直到22岁的时候才举行了加冕仪式，开始正式亲理国事。他执政以后，经过十年的浴血奋战，统一了全国，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的，多民族的，中央集权制的封建王朝——秦朝。为了巩固政权，加强思想政治领域内的统治，他还设立了郡县制，废除了分封制;而且先后在全国范围内统一了文、货币、度量衡、车轨和法律制度。他认为自己功过三皇，德高五帝，又因为是第一个皇帝，所以便自称为始皇帝。他在统一全国以后，对内发展农桑，对外发展经济，并且采取远交近攻的政策，使国力不断强盛。同时，他为了抵御匈奴的侵扰，还修筑了举世闻名的万里长城。在当时，修筑长城是一件劳民伤财的事，但是今天它已成为了中华民族的骄傲。秦始皇身材魁梧，大腹便便，同时也是非常残忍，暴虐，冷酷无情的。他“焚书坑儒”这一专制举动，使我国古代文化典籍受到严重的摧残。他为了自己享乐，曾征集了几十万刑徒为自己修建了“覆压三百余里”的阿房宫。但是他到死也没有住完那里所有的宫殿。他大兴土木给人民造成了沉重的负担，所以历史上也称秦始皇为暴君。不过，秦始皇也是非常勤勉的。他曾经五次出巡天下，于公元前2XX年的7月，在出巡途中，暴病死于河北的沙丘，终年50岁。死后葬于骊山脚下的陵墓之中。
秦始皇帝陵南靠骊山,背面与渭水相邻。骊山风景如画，绿树成荫。据史书记载：“骊山山南多美玉，山北多黄金。”秦始皇正是贪其美名而葬在这里的。现在我们就来到了秦始皇陵，我们看到的这个巨大的封土堆，就是秦陵了。我们现在看到的这个陵墓的规模是相当浩大的，在当时修建这么巨大的一个陵墓，绝对不是一件容易的事。因为骊山的河渠是南北方向流的，为了防止流水冲跨陵墓，将它们都进行了人工改道，改为东西向流;在一个呢，骊山是一座土山，对当时修建秦陵来讲，就相当缺乏石料，需要从渭北等地运来。而当时没有先进的运输交通工具，这些全部都要靠人力来搬移，可见当时修建这座陵墓的艰难了。在中国古代，帝王陵墓在建设上都遵循“虽死犹生”的思想，因此，秦始皇陵是依照当时秦咸阳宫的规模修建的。经过几千年的风风雨雨，当时的地面建筑现在已荡然无存了，我们已经无法领略秦陵的全貌。但是从这里出土的巨型夔纹瓦当可以让我们想象一下当时地面建筑的雄伟。这个瓦当的直径是61厘米，相当于一个小圆桌，人们称它为“瓦当之王”，使用这样巨大瓦当的宫殿，其规模、气势也就可想而知了。当时秦陵地面建筑呈回形内外两重城垣，占地九倾十八亩，据说是取“久久”之意。陵冢原来高120米，但经过了XX多年的风雨剥蚀，现在高度仅为46米。陵冢上当时栽有大量的松柏，这是因为当时的人们相信有一种动物叫做魍象，这种动物专门钻入墓穴之中吃死者的脑髓和肝脏。而松柏散发出来的特殊芳香，使魍象畏惧而不敢前来。因此，当年的秦陵就是一座松柏苍郁的人工山。那么，秦陵的内部到底埋藏有多少奇珍异宝呢?据《史记》记载：秦陵是“穿三泉，下铜而致椁，宫观百官，奇器珍怪，徙藏满之。令匠作机弩矢，有所穿近者辄射之。以水银为百川江河大海，机相灌输。上俱天文，下俱地理，以人鱼膏为烛，度不灭者久之。”从这样的一段描述中我们可以得知：秦陵地宫的顶端是用28颗夜明珠组成的天冥星;陵内还有设置着百官座次的殿堂;并且藏满了各种奇器异宝;还用水银做了江河湖海以象征天地;用人鱼膏点长明灯为了防盗墓;还安装了能自动发射的暗箭。《史记》中对秦陵的内部只做了一个大致的描述。那么陵内到底有多少的奇珍异宝呢?我们只能等待陵墓发掘的那一天。相信到时候一定会引起全世界考古界的轰动的。
秦陵的地宫现在虽然还没有发掘，但是已经发掘了秦陵的一个陪葬坑，那就是被誉为“世界第八大奇迹”的秦始皇兵马俑博物馆。秦俑坑是1974年时，由西杨村的几个农民在抗旱打井时以外发现的。考古学家根据发现时间的先后，把它们编为一、二、三号坑。秦俑坑是秦军的缩影，它生动的再现了当时秦国兵强马壮的威武场面。李白在诗中描写的“秦王扫六合，虎视何雄哉!挥剑决浮云，诸侯尽西来。”即时对秦军的气势作了生动的描写。我们现在来到的就是一号坑，它是三个俑坑中面积最大的一个。它东西长230米，南北宽62米，深5米，面积14260平方米，相当于两个足球场的面积。它为坑道式土木建筑结构，在东西两端各有5个斜坡门道，还有10个2.5米宽的夯土隔墙，隔墙上架有粗大的横梁，底部都是以青砖墁铺。一号坑是由步兵和车兵组成的军阵。所谓军阵就是部队在作战或驻守时的一种排队的方式。一号坑是以长方阵的排列方式，由前锋、主体、侧翼、后卫四部分组成。我们现在所看到面东而立的就是前锋部队。南、北、西端各有一排面外而立的武士俑是侧翼和后卫，他们是为了防止敌人旁敲侧击和从背后偷袭。中间有38路面东而立的纵队，是由步兵和骑兵组成，构成了整个军阵的主体。从这里也体现了古代兵书中所讲的“前后整齐，四方为绳”的军阵。《孙子兵法》中曾经讲到，古代兵阵布阵的一个重要原则就是“前锋必锐，整体必宏。”他把一个军阵比喻成一把剑，如果一个军阵没有精锐的前锋，那么这个军阵就像是一把无锋的剑，便失去了杀伤力，可见前锋部队的重要了。
我们现在所看到的就是一号坑的前锋部队。它一共是3排，每排70件，共210件。这些兵俑手中都持有强弓劲弩，都是以骁勇善战而著称于世的。他们在作战时都不戴头盔。头盔本来是作战时的一种最基本的防护装备，但是秦国军队规定一律不准戴头盔。所以历史上称他们为“科头”。由于“科头”不戴头盔便敢杀入敌阵，史籍上也称他们为“科头锐士”。从这些“科头锐士”的身上我们可以看到当时秦军的勇猛和善战了。
在一号坑以北20米处，是秦始皇兵马俑的二号坑。它的平面呈曲尺形，面积为6000多平方米，是由步兵、骑兵、车兵和混和兵种组成的军阵。他一共由四个小的单元构成。这四个单元可以有机的构成一个大的军阵，也可以分开成四个独立的小的军阵。它能攻能守，反应迅速，自我保护力强，可以说是当时世界上反应最快速的一支部队。在二号坑中出土了大量的陶俑，其中有将军俑、跪射俑、立射俑、骑兵俑、鞍马俑等。我们现在所看到的就是一个从二号坑中出土的将军俑。将军在军队中具有特殊的身份，所以他处处显得与众不同。将军俑头戴双卷尾长冠，冠带在颈下结绳并下垂胸前。将军俑所戴的冠叫“ 冠”冠上两边本来插有两支黑色的 尾，因为据说 是一种性情勇猛、善斗的鸟。将军俑身穿双重战袍，战袍外面的铠甲形制特殊。双肩及前后胸用彩绸扎成的花结，象征我们现在所说的军工章。这个将军俑胸前佩带着两朵花结，就表明他曾经立了两次功。他所穿的铠甲以肚脐眼为界，肚脐以上是上片压下片;肚脐以下是下片压上片。这样是为了弯腰方便，便于指挥作战。这个将军俑的腹部微微隆起，说明秦军中将军的待遇还是相当好的，也反应了早在秦代时，男子就有了将军肚。这也就是将军肚的起源了。从这个将军额头上深深的皱纹可以看出，他是一位久经沙场锻炼的指挥官.他手指前方,仿佛正在指挥千军万马如何作战。
现在我们看到的这个骑兵俑和鞍马俑也出土于秦兵马俑的2号坑。这个骑兵俑的装束与车兵俑和步兵俑有着明显的区别。他头戴着一顶形制讲究的小皮帽，在帽子两侧还带扣，紧系于颌下，他身着胡服，这种服饰的特点就是胸部右侧开叉。骑兵俑身披短而小的铠甲，肩上并没有披护，手上也没有护甲。下身穿一件小皮裙。骑兵俑特殊的装束完全是从骑兵作战的需要而设计的，这样有便于骑士上下马方便。古代对于骑兵的挑选有着严格的标准，不亚于我们现在挑选飞行员。秦时明文规定，骑兵的身高必须在1.73米以上，体重不得超过75公斤，年龄也要在40岁以下，同时要体质强健，反应机警，行动敏捷。这个骑兵俑符合了当时选拔的标准。秦代对战马的选择也是有规定的，要求战马的高度必须达到1.33米，这一鞍马正好符合了这个标准。它耳若削竹，看起来非常机警;眼若悬铃;粗大的鼻孔和发达的胸肌表明这匹马善于奔跑;从它微张的嘴唇可看出，它共有6颗牙齿，说明它当时正处于青壮年时期。在陶马背上雕有鞍垫，鞍的两端微微扬起。以前人们认为马鞍的出现始于西汉时期，但秦俑坑陶马鞍的发现就说明我国在秦代时已使用马鞍了。陶马鞍的出现使骑兵的双手得以解放，有效的增强了骑兵的战斗力。有人说东方艺术讲究群体美，而西方艺术追求个体美，秦俑的美在于它的气势和它的群体美。其实秦俑并不知是讲究博大，它对个体形象的塑造也是细致入微的。秦俑不仅面部表情各异，而且小到手指纹都刻划的非常精细。
张裕博物馆导游词2017博物馆导游词（4） | 返回目录各位来宾：
大家好，欢迎大家来到张裕酒文化博物馆。
驰名中外的名产-----张裕葡萄酒!大家要了解中国葡萄酒生产的历史和风俗，老张裕无疑是第一胜地，在咱们现在就去参观张裕酒文化博物馆。
张裕公司创办于清光绪年。它是真正中国民族工业的骄傲。
祖籍广东的张弼士先生，他在烟台东山，西山购地近千亩，从欧洲及国内各地，引进了优质葡萄品种120多个，并与笨的葡萄品种实行嫁接，获得了成功。为了酿成优质的葡萄酒，张弼士先生多方寻访优秀的酿酒师，他的远见卓识和开放意识，感动了奥地利驻烟台领事巴保，担任了张裕的酿酒师，成为张裕历史上一段佳话。同时，张先生又以巨资从欧洲购进了大批橡木酒桶，修建了誉满中外的地下大酒窖，窖上建了三层楼房，成为当时烟台最引人注目的建筑。
国际葡萄 葡萄酒局，对张裕公司在发展葡萄和葡萄酒事业上作出的出色贡献，给与了高度评价，并颁发给我市一枚“1987国际葡萄和葡萄酒年“荣誉纪念证章。国际葡萄 葡萄酒局局长罗伯特 丁洛特先生说”全世界被授予“国际葡萄酒城“称号的城市到1987年底已有40哥，而获荣誉证章的到现在只有2个，张裕的产品完全可以喝世界名牌相媲美。。。。。“好了，咱们已经来到了张裕酒文化博物馆，关于张裕的情况先介绍到这里。
好了，现在请大家随我一同前往博物馆的大厅参观，我们边走边谈一下张裕公司及博物馆的现状。张裕公司现在已发展成为以葡萄酒酿造为主，裕品牌目前为中国葡萄酒行业第一品牌，现在我们所看的博物馆始建于1992年。该馆由清华大学规划设计。该馆形式新颖，内容丰富，史料详实，堪称行业博物馆之精品。我们走进的这个大厅是个综合大厅。它以三块浮雕的形式向大家展示不同历史时期，影响张裕发展的重大事件及重要人物，请大家随我一同参观。
这就是张裕公司的创始人，著名的爱国华侨张弼士先生。由于家乡受灾，他18岁时只身远走南洋，先后从事过建筑，矿物，船运，药材，等产业，逐步发迹。被人们称为亿万富翁。
旁边这位是张弼士先生的亲侄子张成卿。他是张裕公司的首任总经理，并兼土木工程师，翻译等数职。
那位是晚清著名的戊戌变法领导人之一——康有为先生。他先后于1917年和1927年两次来访公司，并留下两手诗词。这一首诗是他1927年来访时留下的。感兴趣的话，大家可以阅读一下。
这位是张裕公司聘请的兽人外国酒师巴保先生。他出身于奥匈帝国的酿酒世家，为公司工作了18年，19XX年因欧战爆发被召回国。
这位是酒师张子章先生。巴保先生归国后，张子章先生担任公司酒师职务。他也是中国第一代葡萄酒师的代表之一。
这位是徐望之先生。20世纪30年代时任中国银行烟台支行行长。1934年1938年间担任张裕公司总经理。在他任职期间特别重视先进技术及优秀人才的引进，他是张裕历史转折时期的重要人物，关于他们几位的情况后面还有详细介绍。 请大家继续参观第二块浮雕，这边请。这幅图案主要表现的是张裕公司在19XX年巴拿马太平洋万国博览会上的获奖证书。在这次盛会上，张裕公司的白兰地，味美思，雷司令，红葡萄酒获得金质奖章。由此，张裕公司的科涅克白兰地改称为“金奖白兰地“。
这位是著名的民主革命先驱——孙中山先生。他19XX年来访公司，并为公司亲笔题词“品重醴泉“。它主要包含两层含义，既藏样了张弼士先生实业报国，爱国兴邦的崇高人品，又肯定了张裕美酒的优良品质。
这是张裕百年地下大酒窖。一会儿，您可以亲自到酒窖中体味它的传奇色彩。 这第三块浮雕式1992年xx在张裕公司百年大庆前视察公司，并为公司亲题“沧浪欲有诗味，酝酿才能芬芳“。既赞扬了张裕有丰富的企业文化和一流的产品，又揭示了百年张裕质量第一的经营之道。
由于张裕公司对工作及世界葡萄酒业的巨大贡献，1987年，国际葡萄 葡萄酒局命名张裕公司所在地烟台市为“国际葡萄 葡萄酒城“，这是当时酒局居住哪个罗伯特 丁格特先生正在向俞振声市长颁发城徽的照片。
这个商标就是张裕公司的注册商标，它是同行业中第一个全国驰名商标。 大家请看这边的环形区域，它记录的是张裕公司从1892年建厂至今，这1XX年来发生的大事记，对面两块铜板上记录的是公司历届主要领导人的姓名及任期。您感兴趣的话，一挥儿作自由活动时，可以过去看一下，现在请大家随我继续参观历史厅。
历史厅主要是以图片及实物的形式，想大家讲述张裕公司从建厂初期到新中国成立这一时期的发展历史。
这个模型是张裕百年大酒窖地剖面模型。您可以在这看一下，待会再到大酒窖中亲身感受他地神奇。现在请各位朋友随我继续参观影视厅。
影视厅主要是以投影地形式介绍张裕公司地企业文化，以及产品地生产工艺流程等情况。您可以坐在这欣赏一段我们为您播放地影片。
请大家继续随我参观现代厅。现代厅主要向大家展示地是张裕公司在新中国成立以后，特别是改革开放以来所取得地成就及发展情况。
这块展板介绍地是新中国成立后来到张裕公司视察地领导人及来访时间。 这是一台投币自动酿酒机，您在这边投一枚3元硬币，在那边就可以取到一杯芳香醇厚地白兰地。它主要演示地是张裕公司白兰地地生产工艺流程。大家可以亲自尝试一下。这四台背投电视主要是介绍张裕公司干红，干白，起泡酒，三鞭酒地生产工艺流程。
好了，请大家继续参观画厅。这里主要韩式地是来访地名人留下地墨宝，有康有为，张学良，刘海粟，吴青霞，欧阳中石，启功等名家大家。张裕公司共有300多副名人墨宝，这里仅展示出30多幅，爱好书法地朋友可以仔细揣摩一下。
现在我们来到地是珍品厅，这里主要展示地是张裕公司获得的奖牌，奖章，奖状，奖杯，证书等荣誉证章，以及国内外友人馈赠地实物，还有党和国家领导人地题词。 现在请大家自由参观，然后我们去参观地下酒窖。
请大家随我下去看看。各位朋友请注意脚下，这个螺旋式地楼梯比较陡，共有41级，请大家注意安全。楼梯建成这个样子，是为了保持窖内地温度。这个酒窖曾是远东最大地地下酒窖，距今已有1XX年地历史了。酒窖使用面积1976平方米，深7米，低于海平面1米，一个世纪了，仍然 没有渗漏，而室内温度常年保持在12度到18度，也就是说酒窖是恒温地，为了葡萄酒地酿制提供了理想的条件。这个酒窖地修建被中外建筑学界誉为建筑史上地一个奇迹。
这里一共有八个拱洞，如今酒窖中的橡木酒桶还如当年那样陈列着，其中100多年地酒桶还有100多个，是建窖之时从国外进口地，其他地不论大小，都是20世纪50年代后期制造地。这里地拱洞交错连环，有如迷宫，无人指点难以找到出口。
我们现在看到地是8号洞，这个洞中主要存放公司有代表性地年份酒，及储存瓶式发酵地产品。接下来地是7号洞，大家可以注意看一下，每个大木桶地端面上都有编号。、大家往上看，上面有一个木塞，塞住了桶口，装酒，倒酒地时候，都要通过这个桶口。大家也看到了，这些桶这么大，人工倒酒，装酒很不方便，那么，工人们采用地是什么办法呢?——酒泵输送!地上有一根管子，大家看到了吧?窖顶上有一个个小方洞，倒酒，装酒地时候，拿下塞子，连接酒泵地管子从洞口伸进桶里就可以了。为什么用橡木桶呢?因为酒本来是没有颜色和香味地，用橡木桶装了一段时间后，就有了与橡木相同的香气和颜色了。在这呆了这么久，大家一定闻到了一股怪味，这是酒地酸味!据说因为这种酒味有保健作用，所以常年在酒窖地工作人员不容易感冒。
各位朋友，在酒窖中间地这三个大桶，是1894年制成地，每个桶容量足有15吨左右，是我国最大地，最早地橡木桶，也是亚洲最大地橡木桶，人们习惯地称让他们为“桶王”。他们是建厂初期用从国外购进地橡木板材并在窖内制成地，其桶龄距今已有百年。在19XX年巴拿马太平洋玩过博览会获金奖地产品，就是在这三个大桶中酿造出来地。
大家可能要问，酒窖中会不会有老鼠呢?绝对不会!因为酒窖按不同的季节杀菌，每年地7 ，8， 9月为梅雨季节，每月杀菌一次，主要用硫磺，烟熏和杀虫药喷。
这是5号拱洞，现在把它开辟称酒吧，专供来宾及游客品酒之用。您可以坐下来亲自品味张裕美酒。不过各位可别忘记品酒时，要先观其色，其次嗅其香，再次品其味，这样才能品出张裕真正地味道来。经过这道旋转楼梯之后，我们又回到了大厅。
各位朋友，整个博物馆地参观就到此结束了，现在给大家半个小时地活动时间。半个小时后，我们在门口集合。
