Jingzhou Ancient City is also known as Jiangling city. It is one of thefamous historical and cultural cities in China. It is adjacent to Shashi in theSouth and the Yangtze River. The city wall hovers in the light and color of thelake, undulating according to the terrain, winding along the lake and extendinglike a dragon. The majestic ancient city has a history of more than 20__ e the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has a towering outline. After five dynastiesand Ten Kingdoms, it began to build a brick city, which was destroyed andrepaired in song, yuan and Ming Dynasties. The well preserved ancient city wallwas built by Yiming city wall in 1646 ad. in recent years, many new scenic spotshave been built inside and outside the wall.
We all know the story of Liu Bei crying in Jingzhou and Guan Gong losingJingzhou in romance of the Three Kingdoms. This is "a place for militarystrategists." Jingzhou, the capital of China. This famous cultural city islocated in the west of the vast and rich Jianghan Plain. In the Han Dynasty, thewhole country was divided into 36 states, which got its name because of Jingshanin the north. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, several emperors built theircapitals here, making this city an important place for the successive dynastiesto garrison troops and set up their offices.
Jingzhou City, located in the meeting of the rivers and lakes, is a hubconnecting the water and land transportation in the southeast, northwest andnorthwest. It has fertile land, mild climate and rich specialties. It was alsoone of the important commercial centers in China. In the Western Han Dynasty, itranked first among the five southern counties.
Jingzhou is one of the nine prefectures (Ji, Gung, Qing, Yang, Jing, Yu,Liang, Yong) established by Dayu in ancient times when he controlled the got its name from Jingshan in that time. After the Three Kingdoms period,Jingzhou City has always been a place of governance at the state and countylevel, and some even established their capital here.
The ancient city of Jingzhou is divided into three layers, water cityoutside, brick city in the middle and earth city inside. It is said that inorder to prevent the foundation of the city from sinking and flooding, glutinousrice slurry was poured into the stone crevice at the foot of the right city, sothe city wall was particularly strong. It is said that Guan Yunchang, thegeneral of Shu in the Three Kingdoms, was guarding Jingzhou when nine fairiescame down to earth. It's said that Jingzhou's swordsmen have moved too much, sothey should be taken back and placed in God's land, and no mortals are allowedto fight for them. Guan Gong was loyal to his brother and refused to letJingzhou, so he thought of a plan, saying: "you are in the northwest, I am inthe southeast, each building a city, the city is a thousand steps on Friday, itstarts at dark, the crowing of chickens stops, who builds first, who managesthis place. The nine fairies used their clothes to cover the earth, and GuanGong cut reeds to build the city. Guangong city is just a corner away from thenine fairies City, and the chickens are not crowing yet. Guan Gong vibrates thechicken cage and the reed mat, the rooster crows, and the nine fairies go toheaven in shame. This is the origin of jiunvzhuo outside the north gate ofJingzhou City. It's also said that Zhang Fei also carried the earth to help hissecond brother build the city. But when he came late, he dumped the earthoutside the east gate. Nowadays, people call these two hills like Earth "ZhangFei Yidan earth". These are all myths and legends. However, in order to guardagainst the eastern Wu Dynasty, Guan Gong built a new city next to the old cityin the Han Dynasty, which has historical records.
Ten li north of Jingzhou is the site of the largest city in southern Chinaduring the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period. The state of Chuhad 20 kings who built their capitals here in 411. The ancient city is rich inChu culture on the ground, underground, inside and outside the city. You caneasily find tiles and pottery from more than 20__ years ago here.
In the ancient city of Jingzhou, there are some historical sites related tothe Three Kingdoms, such as the big iron pot and manger for Guan Gong's March,and the throwing armour mountain for Lu Meng's troops when he attacked ide the city, there are many sites related to the legend of Guanyu of theThree Kingdoms in Baling mountain. We stepped down from luomaotai at the southend of Baling mountain, headed for the mountain, passed through layers of pineforest, and came to Guangong pianquan. According to the inscription beside thespring, "when Liu Xian was trapped in Dangyang, Guan Gong led his teacher tosave him. Through this way, people and horses were trapped, and a sense ofloyalty and righteousness gushed out. It has been recited to this day." Now, thewater of this spring is either for the tea pavilion to make tea for tourists, orfor the winery to make wine for guests.
With a long history, Jingzhou has left innumerable antiquities. Now thereare more than 3000 preserved in Jingzhou Museum. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, isfamous for his work. His sword was unearthed in the north of Jingzhou in e are eight characters on the sword: "King Gou Jian of Yue, self actingsword". The sword body is full of diamond pattern, inlaid with tricolor glassand turquoise. The blade is extremely sharp. It can still blow hair and cut ironlike mud.
Due to the reason of going to school, I came to this ancient city. AlthoughJingzhou can't compare with the big cities like Beijing and Shanghai, it has itsunique charm. In Jingzhou, the most common one is its ancient city wall. Thereare seven gates, and the whole city is surrounded by the city wall. In March,spring flowers bloom, riding bicycles together, facing the warm spring breeze,leaving our youth at the foot of the city wall, Also leave us good memories!
Jingzhou also has many famous scenic spots: Peach Blossom Island, JingzhouYangtze River Swan Island Baiji National Nature Reserve, longevity pagoda,spring and Autumn Pavilion, Jinfeng take-off, Three Kingdoms Park, JingzhouMuseum and so on. Now is a good time to go to Taohua village. Enjoying farm foodand watching peach blossoms, I feel very happy. Far away from the noise of thecity, I feel like I have come to a paradise!
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen!
Today we will visit the famous ancient city of Jingzhou.
"Hearing about the Three Kingdoms, I want to go to Jingzhou every time." you mention Jingzhou, you will naturally think of the famous stories of theThree Kingdoms in the romance of the Three Kingdoms, such as Liu Bei's borrowingJingzhou, Lu Su's attacking Jingzhou, Lu Meng's attacking Jingzhou, and GuanYu's losing Jingzhou. Of the 120 chapters of the romance of the Three Kingdoms,72 chapters involve Jingzhou. For thousands of years, there has been an endlessstream of people who have come to Jingzhou to inquire about the history of theThree Kingdoms. As your on-the-spot tour guide, I am very honored to take thisopportunity to show you the historical picture of the evolution and developmentof Jingzhou Ancient City over the past two thousand years.
We are now at the east gate of Jingzhou City. The river tens of meters widein front of you is the moat. During the war, it was a natural barrier againstthe enemy's attack. Now, on this river, a grand International Dragon BoatInvitational race is held every year. Before entering the city, let me firstintroduce the historical background of the ancient city of Jingzhou.
Jingzhou City, also known as Jiangling city. At present, Jingzhou is themost complete ancient city in southern China, and it is also one of the 24famous historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council in 1982. In1996, Jingzhou Ancient City Wall was announced as a national key cultural relicsprotection unit by the State Council. In 20__, Jingzhou City, with JingzhouAncient City as the center, was named as China's excellent tourist city by theNational Tourism Administration.
Looking back on the history of Jingzhou, we can say that it is closelyconnected with the 5000 year history of Chinese civilization. As we all know,the Chinese nation is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor. After the YellowEmperor and the Yan Emperor's tribes merged and unified China, Jingzhou was oneof the ancient Kyushu.
The name of "Jingzhou" can be found in the book "Shangshu? Yugong" in theWarring States period, which states that "Jingzhou and Hengyang only exist inJingzhou". At that time, the area of Jingzhou was very large, and the state ofChu in the spring and autumn and Warring States period rose in rding to historical records, in the eighth year of King Zhouzhuang (689 BC),King Wen of Chu moved the capital city to Ji'nan City, which is five kilometersnorth of Jingzhou. The state of Chu established its capital here for 411 experienced 20 kings before and after that, creating a Chu culture that is asimportant as the Central Plains culture in the Yellow River Valley, andcomparable to the ancient Greek and Roman culture. It is said that during thereign of King Cheng of Chu (671-525 B.C.), in order to enjoy the beautifulscenery of the Yangtze River, he built many palaces and palace boat docks inJingzhou City, which are the rudiments of today's Jingzhou City. In the 29thyear of King Zhao of Qin Dynasty (278 BC), Bai Qi, a famous general of Qinstate, led his troops to attack the state of Chu and occupied the area betweenJianghan and Han. Then Qin established Nanjun in the capital of Chu, which wasone of the 36 counties in China at that time. Later, the Qin Dynasty establishedJiangling County in today's Jingzhou City, which is called "Jiangling" becauseit is close to the river and there are no mountains near the state. In 106 BC,Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the Department of Cishi in Jingzhou,one of the thirteen prefectures in China. Since then, Jingzhou has become thename of administrative division.
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Jingzhou has become an important place forthe successive dynasties to establish their own government. It has always been aplace of governance at the state and county level, and some dynasties evenestablished their capitals and states here. During the Three Kingdoms period,this place was an important place for hegemony. Sun and Liu united to defeatCao's army in the first battle of Chibi, so Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou from SunQuan the next year and developed the power of Shu on this basis. Since then,Emperor an in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Qihe, Emperor Liangyuan andEmperor houliangxuan in the Southern Dynasty, King Houliang in the Sui Dynasty,and King Nanping in the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, essively, there have been 11 disputed princes who claimed to be emperors(kings) and established their capitals here for more than 100 years. In TangDynasty, Jingzhou was the auxiliary capital, called "Nanjun", which echoed thenorth and south of Chang'an city. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty,Jiangling mansion was set up here. In the early Yuan Dynasty, Jiangling mansionwas changed to Shanglu mansion. In the early Ming Dynasty, Jingzhou Prefecturewas established. In Qing Dynasty, the system of Ming Dynasty was adopted. In theRepublic of China, Jingzhou was the fourth administrative capital of HubeiProvince. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Jingzhou Citywas the seat of Jingzhou regional Commissioner Office and Jiangling CountyPeople's government. In 1994, the former Jingzhou area and Shashi City merged toform Jingsha City, which was renamed Jingzhou City in 1997. Jingzhou City is theseat of Jingzhou District of six counties and two districts of JingzhouCity.
Jingzhou City is located in the middle of the world. The meeting of therivers and lakes has always been a place for military strategists. Zhuge Liangonce said, "Jingzhou is a country of military use, which is based on the HanDynasty and Mianyang in the north, the South China Sea in the East, Wu and Huiin the East, and Ba and Shu in the West.". Li Gu, the prime minister famous forhis uprightness and loyalty in the Han Dynasty, Guan Yu, Zhou Yu, Lu Meng and LuXun, the famous generals of the Three Kingdoms, and Ma taokan, the great masterof literature and martial arts in the Jin Dynasty, once guarded Jingzhou; XieLingyun and Bao Zhao, the poets of Jin Dynasty, Zhang Jiuling and ZhangCambodian, the Kaiming prime ministers of Tang Dynasty, Han Yu and Yuan Zhen,the great literary scholars, and Wang Anshi, the great statesman of SongDynasty, have also held different positions in Jingzhou. In addition, many majorpeasant uprisings in the past dynasties also took Jingzhou as an importanttarget, such as Wang Kuang and Wang Feng in the late Western Han Dynasty, HuangChao in the late Tang Dynasty, Chen Youliang in the late Yuan Dynasty, LiZicheng and Zhang Xianzhong in the late Ming Dynasty.
In addition to being a military important place, the economy and culture ofancient Jingzhou City were also very active and prosperous. Due to itsconvenient transportation, fertile land, mild climate and rich products, it hasdeveloped into one of the top ten commercial centers in China as early as theWestern Han Dynasty, ranking first among the five southern counties. In thenorthern and Southern Dynasties, it became "the first city in the middle reachesof the Yangtze River", as well as Yangzhou, a famous commercial city in thelower reaches of the Yangtze River. Although it was once destroyed in the war inthe Western Wei Dynasty, it gradually returned to prosperity in the middle TangDynasty, and its scale was about ten times as large as before. Therefore,Jingzhou City was regarded as the "companion capital" at that time, and was alsoknown as Chang'an and Luoyang.
Jingzhou is the center of Chu culture, the music and dance nation of"Chutian" and enjoys the reputation of "only Chu has talent". For thousands ofyears, the culture here has been prosperous and talents have come forth in largenumbers, including Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet of Chu state, cen Shen, afamous frontier poet of Tang Dynasty, and Zhu LAN, a "xiaowanjuan" of SongDynasty. In the political arena, the prime ministers coming out of Jingzhouinclude Liu Wei and Duan Wenchang of Tang Dynasty, CEN Zhiben, cen Changqing andCen Xi. The most famous prime minister is Zhang Juzheng of Ming Dynasty. Headvocated abolishing bad politics and developing economy. He played a positiverole at that time and was respected by later generations. At the same time, thebeautiful natural scenery and profound cultural heritage of Jingzhou City havealso attracted many well-known scholars of all ages to visit, sing poems andmeet friends, Sima Qian of Han Dynasty, Wang can and Tao Yuanming of Wei, Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Li Bai, Du Fu, Liu Yuxi,Li Shangyin and Du Mu of Tang Dynasty, Su Shi and Lu You of Song Dynasty, YuanHongdao and Wang Shizhen of Ming and Qing Dynasty He has visited Jingzhou Cityand left a large number of excellent poems and essays, among which the mostfamous one is the quatrains in Li Bai's poem xiajiangling, which says "when theemperor leaves the White Emperor, the Jiangling will return in a day".
Well, having said so much, we must have a better understanding of the pastof Jingzhou Ancient City. Now let's go to see what Jingzhou City looks se follow me along the sidewalk on the right side to the city. On the leftside is the horse road. If you pay attention to it, you will find that there areinscriptions on the bricks of the horse road. These are the preciousinscriptions on the walls of the ancient city of Jingzhou. They record the longhistory of the construction of Jingzhou city wall and reflect the changes of theadministrative areas under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou It is of great value tothe study of history.
It is said that in the Han Dynasty, Jingzhou had a regular city wall. After12 times of maintenance and expansion, the city became more solid andmagnificent, including Guan Yu, the general of Shu, Zhu ran, the general of Wu,Huan Wen, the governor of Jingzhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Liang rding to historical records, the first brick wall of Jingzhou was built inthe period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. In 912 ad, Gao Jixing, the Jieduenvoy of Southern Jingzhou, used more than 100000 soldiers and civilians tooverhaul the brick wall of Jingzhou for the purpose of seizing Jingzhou as aking. If there were not enough bricks to build the city, he ordered to dig outtomb bricks everywhere, and all the tombs within 50 Li were excavated. It issaid that after the completion of the city wall, countless phosphorescent lightswill appear on the wall every night, which looks like "ghost fire" and makespeople creepy. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the city wall wasdestroyed because of the "Jingkang" war. In the Southern Song Dynasty, in orderto appease Shi Zhaoxiong and strengthen the defense of Jingzhou, Emperorshangzou Chunxi approved the construction of the brick wall in 1187. Within 11months, the brick wall was rebuilt, and more than 1000 Battle Towers were builton the wall. This time, the bricks were "special city bricks" ordered by thegovernment. There was an inscription on the bricks, but there was no record ofthe year. Later, Yuanbing captured Jingzhou City, and Kublai Khan ordered thatthe city wall be demolished. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, ZhuYuanzhang restored the foundation again and excavated moats around the city. Atthe end of Ming Dynasty, after Zhang Xianzhong led the peasant uprising army toattack Jingzhou City, the city wall was demolished by the angry l the third year of Shunzhi (1646 AD), the city wall was built on the oldfoundation for the third time, which is the ancient city wall of Jingzhou. Theconstruction of the city is very strong. In order to prevent the city wall fromsinking due to water erosion, all the footings of the city wall are built withstone barriers, and the walls are filled with lime and glutinous rice ough the city wall was destroyed three times and built three times, andafter more than 300 years of cold and heat in spring and autumn, it is still ingood condition. After the founding of new China, the state and local governmentshave focused on the protection of the ancient city of Jingzhou. They havetransformed, renovated, repaired and expanded the city and its surroundingenvironment, built the inner ring road and the outer ring road, dredged andmanaged the moat, and built Fenghuang square and Tianwen square outside the eastgate and the new north gate respectively, making the ancient city of Jingzhoumore beautiful, magnificent and spectacular The old and fresh face of JingzhouCity seen by heaven.
In addition, according to experts' research, so far, the earliest characterbrick with year number found on Jingzhou City Wall was found in the second yearof Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369 A.D.), which has a history of more than 600years. This brick is 207 years earlier than the character brick of Wanli yearfound on the Great Wall reported by Xinhua news agency. What's more amazing isthat according to the records of the written bricks, these bricks were not onlyfrom Jianghan Plain, but also from other places in the province and other placesoutside the province, such as Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, etc., which shows thehuge scale of the city building project at that time. Ancient city building alsoreflects the idea of quality management. The detailed or simple responsibilityinscriptions left by the construction or maintenance of the city walls in thepast dynasties are actually a kind of public responsibility. In addition torecording the time and place of brick making, there are also detailedinscriptions on the supervisor, brick maker, kiln maker, brick making expenses,the name of the undertaker and the local officials in charge. It can be seenthat during the construction of Jingzhou city wall at that time, the practice of"mobilizing the whole people, working from top to bottom, clear division oflabor, and responsibility to people" was adopted. The reason why Jingzhou hasbeen known as "the iron Jingzhou" in ancient times is inseparable from this"responsibility system". This is what we need to learn from the sages today.
If you observe these character bricks carefully, you will find that thereare both yin and Yang inscriptions, and both yin and Yang inscriptions in theway of writing; there are both running script and regular script in the way ofcalligraphy; there are both traditional and simplified characters in the way ofwriting. Therefore, these character bricks have important artistic researchvalue, which is worthy of further development and utilization.
Now, we have boarded the East Gate Tower, looking out from the fence, andthinking about Guan Yu's years, when she was young and bearded, holding thegreen dragon Yanyue sword, did you also have a strong heart to experience thepride of "one man is in charge of the pass, ten thousand men are not allowed toopen it"?
From the aerial view, Jingzhou City Wall is like a swimming dragon,stretching in the lake and marsh, in an irregular oval shape. The whole citywall is 3.75 km long from east to west, 1.2 km wide from north to south, 10.5 kmin circumference, and covers an area of 4.5 square kilometers. The wall is 8.83meters high, the top is 3 to 5 meters wide, and the base is about 10 meterswide. There are 4567 battlements, 26 fortresses and 4 Zang Bing Dong on thewall. These are the ancient war defense attack tools.
There are six gates in the ancient city of Jingzhou, two in the northeastand one in the southwest. The name of the east gate is Yin bin gate, the name ofthe small east gate is gong'an gate, the name of the big north gate is Gong Jigate, also known as Liu gate, the name of the small north gate is Yuan'an gate,the name of the south gate is Nan Ji gate, and the name of the west gate is anLAN gate. The name of each gate has something to do with the geography, historyand customs of Jingzhou. For example, Xiaodongmen, Liu Bei changed youjiangkouto gong'an, married Mrs. sun and went back to Jingzhou by boat. At this gate, hegot off the boat and landed in Jingzhou City, so it was named gong'an; Anotherexample is the Great North gate. In ancient times, there was a road leading toKyoto in the north of the city. When officials moved and transferred, they allwent out of this gate. When officials and friends saw each other off, they brokethe willows and gave them away. Therefore, it is also called liumen. Accordingto historical records, since the Han Dynasty, it has become a custom forrelatives and friends to give each other a gift when they leave. The reason isthat "Liu" is the homonym of "Liu", and "Liu" means "retention" and "nostalgia" addition to the small east gate, the other five gates all have a gate, whichis a double gate. There is an urn between the two gates. Each double gate isequipped with a wooden opposite door, and there is a 10 cm thick gate inside thewooden gate to prevent water damage. In addition, there were gate towers on thesix gates. The East Gate Tower was called Binyang tower, the small East GateTower was called Wangjiang tower, the big north gate tower was called Jinglongtower, the small North Gate Tower was called Chaozong tower, the South GateTower was called Qujiang tower, and the west gate tower was called Jiuyangtower. Due to the change of dynasties, historical changes, and the destructionof war, the original gate tower except Jinglong tower on the big north gate wasin the 18th year of Daoguang reign of Qing Dynasty( That is, in 1838 A.D., itwas rebuilt and preserved until now. The Binyang building in the east gate,where we are now, was rebuilt in the 1980s with funds from the state in order todevelop Jingzhou tourism, repair and protect the ancient city of Jingzhou.
There are also some historical sites scattered around Jingzhou, which arealso places worth visiting. For example, Kaiyuan Temple, Xuanmiao temple, tienutemple, Confucian temple, Guandi Temple inside the city, Taihui temple outsidethe city, Guangong dianjiangtai, zhangfei yidantu and so on. In addition to thecity wall and these historical relics, it is difficult to see ancient buildingsin Jingzhou City, instead of rows of tall buildings large building. As time goeson, the streets and alleys in Jingzhou City in the past have been replaced bywide roads, forming a crisscross and orderly road network. In order to meet theneeds of modern means of transportation, three new city gates suitable forpublic transport have been built on the walls of the East, South and North,making the city gate of Jingzhou today nine. The ancient city of Jingzhou isfull of modern atmosphere. The commercial atmosphere is very strong. Thelarge-scale shopping malls include Jingzhou shopping mall, Jingzhou departmentstore, Jingzhou Hualian Shopping Mall, Jingzhou Chutian building, etc. there areall kinds of goods in these shopping malls. If you want to buy some localproducts of Jingzhou and take them home as souvenirs or gifts to your relativesand friends, I can introduce Jingzhou scenery here Here you are. Please listencarefully: in juzhenyuan, an old hotel with a history of 100 years, you can buyauthentic Jiangling eight treasures rice; in Jingzhou department store, you canbuy delicious Jiangling nine yellow cakes; in Jingzhou silk factory, you can buydesirable brocade satin, antique silk and other silk products; in Jingzhou artsand crafts factory, you can also buy various kinds of antique Lacquerware
Well, here is the information about the ancient city of Jingzhou. Now giveyou a quarter of an hour to move freely. You can take photos here.
Jingzhou is located in the central and southern part of Hubei Province andthe hinterland of Jianghan Plain. It looks to Wuhan, the capital of HubeiProvince, to the East, the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River to the west,Changde, Yueyang and Yiyang of Hunan Province to the south, and Jingmen to thenorth. It governs Jingzhou and Shashi districts, Gongan, Jianli and Jianglingcounties, and Songzi, Honghu and Shishou cities. It has a total land area of 483square kilometers and a total population of 6.3 million.
Jingzhou City was formed as early as 4000 years ago in the Xia Dynasty. Itwas one of the nine prefectures established by Dayu to control the use it had a large jurisdiction, including Hubei, Hunan, the border betweenGuangdong and Guangxi and Nanyang Basin in Henan Province. It also relied on theJingshan mountain in the West of Nanzhang County in Hubei Province. At thattime, the ancients defined it as Jingzhou according to the custom of determiningplace names by mountains and rivers. The characteristic of this city is one cityand two names, both Jingzhou City and Jiangling city. The origin of Jianglingcity is that Jiangling County was founded more than 2600 years ago. The wordJiangling means "there are no mountains in the distance, and all lingbu arenearby", that is, there are no mountains in the distance, but hills and waterare nearby. The poem "a thousand li Jiangling is returned in one day" refers tothis city.
Now we are located in Shashi District of Jingzhou City. I don't know if anyof you have ever been to Shashi. Shashi used to be a light industrial city,especially the textile industry is relatively developed, and there are severalfamous enterprises, such as huoli28. I think you all know that. In addition,Shashi was not called Shashi when it was first. It was called Shashi becausethere were so many stones here. It turned out to be a busy Wharf on the YangtzeRiver. As early as 1895, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Shimonosekiwith Britain, which included the opening of five trading ports on the YangtzeRiver. Shashi was one of the five trading ports.
Jingzhou is the birthplace of Chu culture, the ancient battlefield of theThree Kingdoms, and the center of the revolutionary base of Western Hunan andHubei. It is one of the 24 famous historical and cultural cities announced bythe State Council in the first batch. It is located in the Three Gorges tourismline, the ancient Three Kingdoms tourism line, and the Chu culture tourism has a lot of people, culture and scenery, and historical sites all over thecity. At present, there are 5 national key cultural relics protection units:Jigong Mountain There are 32 provincial-level key cultural relics protectionunits and more than 500 municipal (county) level key cultural relics protectionunits. Jingzhou has been a place for military strategists since ancient ng the Three Kingdoms period, Wei, Shu and Wu not only left many movingstories such as "Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou" and "Guan Yu lost Jingzhou" but alsoleft a large number of sites of the Three Kingdoms. They mainly includeJiangling's Guangong dianjiangtai and mapaoquan, Honghu's caocaowan and Wulinvillage, Jianli's zilonggang and Huarong Road, Shishou's Xiulin town andliulangpu, Gongan's Madame Sun City, etc. Jingzhou City has a well preservedancient city wall. After more than 1800 years, the ancient appearance stillexists. The scale of the existing city is so large and well preserved that it isthe only one I have ever visited in the south, and it is also rare in the wholecountry. There are Kaiyuan Temple and Xuanmiao temple built in Tang Dynasty,Taihui temple built in Ming Dynasty, Confucian temple, Guan temple and tienutemple built in Qing Dynasty. According to archaeological findings, Jingzhou wasthe place where primitive human beings lived as early as 5000 years ago. JigongMountain in the north of the city is a Paleolithic site from 50000 to 200000years ago. 5、 Six thousand years ago, human beings created splendid Qujialingculture and Shijiahe culture in Jingzhou. During the spring and Autumn periodand the Warring States period, bronze smelting technology, cast iron forgingtechnology, silk embroidery technology and lacquerware technology were all atthe leading level in the world; Lao Zhuang philosophy, Chu Ci literature, musicand dance also ascended the palace of ancient world civilization. There are fiveChu city sites, 83 Chu cultural sites and more than 800 large-scale ancienttombs in and around Ji Nancheng, the former capital of Chu, including 18 tombsof Chu kings. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang said thatJingzhou "occupied Han Mian in the north, benefited the South China Sea as muchas possible, connected wuhui in the East, and connected Bashu in the West Manystatesmen and militarists of Wei, Shu and Wu fought for wisdom and couragearound Jingzhou, leaving numerous popular stories and many victories of theThree Kingdoms.
Since ancient times, Jingzhou has been known as "only Chu has talent". QuYuan, one of the four famous historical and cultural figures in the world, onceworked here for more than 20 years. Qu Yuan is one of the four culturalcelebrities in the world. He is also an outstanding writer in our country. He isalso the first great patriotic poet and a great statesman, thinker, diplomat andreformer. Qu Yuan, whose name is Ping, has the original character, also known asregular. "Regular" means "flat", according to the law of heaven: "Lingjun" means"Yuan", according to the law of earth. During the Warring States period, Chupeople, the hometown of Hanshou canggang. He was born on the 7th day of thefirst month of 340 B.C. and died on the 5th day of may in 278 B.C. at the age of62. After Xiong Tong, the king of Wu of Chu, Qu Yuan was the first Dawang familyin the state of Chu (Zhao, Qu and Jing). King Wu enfeoffed his second son "Xia"in Qu's place, which is today's Hanshou situation. "Xia" took "Qu" as his schoolname, and later became "Qu" surname. It has a history of more than 500 yearsfrom "flaw" to Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan's grandfather, Qu Yiji, was a Sima in the reignof Emperor Xuan, and "Mo Ao" in the reign of emperor Wei. He was a great generalwho shocked the princes. Qu Yuan's father, Qu Gai, whose name was Boyong, was agreat general who commanded the most elite "Shenxi" division of Chu.
As a child, Qu Yuan entered gonghou Zidi school. He was intelligent, neverforgetting, and studied hard day and night. He accumulated a lot of knowledgeabout literature, history, mythology and astronomy. In addition, his parents hadstrict education, so he was recognized as the best of the royal family,
When Qu Yuan was a young man, he was clear about governance and skillful inlanguage. He was a descendant of King Wu, and King Huai valued him very he was about 18 years old, he was elected to the royal family. When he was20 years old, he was ordered to make his first mission to the state of Qi, whichaccomplished the important task of the six nation alliance. At about 22 yearsold, he was appointed as zuotu (Taifu, the Secretary General of the king),second only to Lingyin (Prime Minister), and held a great position. He "made aspeech" with King Huai of Chu, that is, he swore to the alliance of heaven, andthe monarch and his ministers will remain the same until they get old. He tookpart in the important decision-making of huaiwang's internal and foreignaffairs. He actively advocated the rule of Ming Dynasty. Wang huaiwang waswilling to adopt the idea of recommending talents, uniting Qi against Qin,unifying China, and realizing "American politics". However, the aristocraticgroup headed by Zheng Xiu, the empress of the south, envied Qu Yuan and opposedthe reform. They tried their best to slander him and exiled him. At this time,Qu Yuan was about 30 years old.
After leaving Beijing, Qu Yuan was on his way to Jiangnan. When the Qin andWei dynasties attacked Chu, King Huai thought of Qu Yuan and sent someone toretrieve him. King Huai ordered him to go out of Qi for the second time to unitewith Qi to fight against Qin. With his own talent and eloquence, he convincedKing Xuan of Qi at one stroke. However, Zhang Yi colluded with empress nanhou toslander Qu Yuan again. King Huai was furious and changed him to Sanlu doctor,who was in charge of the affairs related to the three surnames of the royalfamily, and was responsible for genealogy, sacrifice and education. Although hisposition was high, he could not meet the king. When King Huai went out of Qin toattend the appointment, Qu Yuan, with a haggard face, knelt down on the side ofthe road and cried. Instead, he was pushed to the ground by Jin Shang, atraitor, and drove away. As a result, King Huai was detained, imprisoned forthree years, and died in the state of Qin. At that time, Qu Yuan was 42 yearsold.
When Qu Yuan heard that the coffin of King Huai had returned, he went toBeijing to help the coffin and wept bitterly. He advised King Xiang to break thefriendship with Qin. King Xiang was moved but didn't go. Instead, he married thedaughter of King Qin and accepted the thief as his father. Qu Yuan tried hisbest to see him, but met Zi Lan at the gate of the palace. He angrily scolded ZiLan. The next day, Zilan tried his best to Qu Yuan to the king of Xiang. In arage, the king of Xiang dismissed him as a doctor of Sanlu and exiled him toJiangnan for a long time. He was more than 50 years old.
Qu Yuan left Yingdu and went down along the Yangtze River. He was full ofgrief, anger and sorrow, so he wrote Lisao. He wrote "evocation of soul" in hiswandering, and set up a spirit throne to recite the poem to offer sacrifices toHuai Wang. After that, I went to Dongting and against the Yuan River and livedin the hometown of canggang in Hanshou for a long time. During this period, hewalked around by the river and lake every day, chanting poems alone. He wasyellow and thin and haggard. One day, I met a fisherman on the Bank of CanglangRiver and talked with each other, so I wrote fisherman. Later, when he left homeand went to Xiangshui, the Qin army broke Yingdu. Hearing the news, he was moreworried about the country and the people, and his heart was burning. He wrotethe last poem Huaisha, which showed that he was determined to stick to hisloyalty and unyielding. On May 5, he sank himself into the Guluo river. At theage of 62, the people in canggang, his hometown, immediately went to Guluo tocollect the corpse when they heard that Qu Yuan had thrown himself into theriver, and threw the wrapped rice dumplings into the river to prevent the fishdragon from injuring the corpse. Every year, it became the traditional custom ofdragon boat race and zongzi.
In 1953, on the 5th day of the fifth lunar month, China carried outextensive activities to commemorate Qu Yuan. In September of the same year, theworld peace council held a meeting to commemorate Qu Yuan and called on peopleall over the world to learn from him.
Qu Yuan created 25 songs of Chu, of which 23 were written in his hometowncanggang. Lisao is a masterpiece of Chinese poetry. It is also a world-famousepic, translated into the language of many countries. In libraries of manycountries, there are still pictures of Qu Yuan. Guofeng and Lisao are called"Fengsao", even poets are called "Poets". During the Anti Japanese period, May 5was once designated as "poet's Day".
Although Qu Yuan has been away from us for 2283 years, his works are thespiritual wealth of people all over the world and have far-reaching historicalsignificance. And great practical significance. We should not only remember himfrom generation to generation, but also widely publicize and seriously studyhim. We should learn from him the thought of persisting in striving, the moralcharacter of being loyal and noble, the will to die rather than surrender andthe great spirit of loving the country and the people.
Zhang Juzheng, the "outstanding Prime Minister" of the Ming Dynasty, wasborn in Jiangling, Huguang (now Hubei), also known as Zhang Jiangling. MingDynasty statesman, reformer. Jiajing 26th year (1547) Jinshi, from the editor toShi Shushi, bachelor order Hanlin affairs. In the first year of Longqing (1567),he served as the left servant of the Ministry of officials and the Bachelor ofDongge. In Longqing period, he was the Minister of the Ministry of officials andthe great scholar of Jianji hall. In the early years of Wanli, he conspired withthe eunuch Feng Bao to get rid of the high arch and took the lead. At that time,when Shenzong was young, Juzheng presided over and ruled all military andpolitical affairs. After 10 years in power, he implemented a series of reformmeasures and achieved certain results. He checked the land hidden by thelandlords, carried out a whip law, changed the tax system, and improved thefinancial situation of the Ming government. He trained with famous generals suchas Qi Jiguang and Li Chengliang to strengthen the northern border defense andstraighten out the defense of the border towns. Pan Jixun was also in charge ofthe dredging of the Huanghuai river. He died in the 10th year of Wanli (1582)and was presented to the state of Shangzhu with a posthumous title of after his death, he was attacked by eunuch Zhang Cheng and old-fashionedbureaucrats, and his reputation was restored at the apocalypse. His worksinclude the collection of Zhang Taiyue and the direct interpretation of thebook. Sanyuan, a literary talent of "Gong'an School", and Cao Yu, Zou Difan,Ouyang Shan, are all from Jingzhou.
With the development of water and land transportation, the communicationequipment in Jingzhou is becoming more and more perfect. There are 1569 trunkand branch roads, 4099.18 kilometers of the city's network mileage, 28 bus linesin the central city, and 138 kilometers of the operating line network. 207, 318National Highway and Yihuang highway run through the whole territory. Jiaozhiand Jingsha railway pass through it. With the Yangtze River and Hanjiang Riveras the main channel, water transportation is convenient. It hasprogram-controlled telephone, optical fiber communication, color TV telephone,digital microwave and other modern communication equipment, and is alsosupported by the post and telecommunications business of more than 150 countriesand regions in the world.
Jingzhou Ancient City, located in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, is ahistoric site. It has four old city gates in the southeast and northwest and anew south gate. There are Xuanmiao temple, Guandi temple and tienu temple in thecity. The ancient city of Jingzhou was built in the spring and Autumn period andthe Warring States period. It used to be the official ship wharf and the Zhupalace of the state of Chu. Later, it became the administrative office ofJiangling County, and the original city outline appeared. As one of thebirthplaces of Chu culture, a large number of precious cultural relics have beenunearthed around the ancient city of Jingzhou. Among the national treasures arethe ancient corpses of the Western Han Dynasty, the silk of the Warring Statesperiod, and the sword of King Goujian of Yue. The ancient city of Jingzhou has along history. It is not only praised by Liu Yuxi, Li Bai, Zhang Jiuling andothers, but also remembered by Jingjiang Ma ya, Xueli Cangfeng and Yugao.
Jingzhou is located in the central and southern part of Hubei le often say that the common saying "careless lost Jingzhou" comes fromhere. Jingzhou is one of the first batch of national famous historical andcultural cities announced by the State Council. It has many places of interest,among which the most famous is the ancient city of Jingzhou. It has four oldcity gates in southeast, northwest and a new south gate. There are Xuanmiaotemple, Guandi temple and tienv temple in the city. In Jingzhou, many historicsites are related to the story of the Three Kingdoms. Ji'nan City, 5 kilometersto the north of the city, is the capital of Chu in the spring and Autumn periodand Warring States period, and is well preserved. Jingzhou is located at 111 °150-114 ° 050 E and 29 ° 260-31 ° 370 n. Located in the central and southernpart of Hubei Province, the hinterland of Jianghan Plain, the Yangtze Rivertraverses the city from west to East, with a total length of 483 km. Jingzhou isadjacent to Wuhan in the East, Yichang in the west, Changde in Hunan in thesouth, Jingmen and Xiangfan in the north. The total area is 14100 squarekilometers, 78.7% of which is plain Lake area and 21.1% is hilly and lowmountain area. The city governs Jingzhou and Shashi districts and Jiangling,Gongan and Jianli counties, and manages Songzi, Shishou and Honghu. It has 119townships, 18 sub district offices, 3398 Village (neighborhood) committees and24835 villager groups.
Jingzhou Municipal government attaches great importance to the culturalrelics protection and environmental improvement of Jingzhou city wall, and hasraised a total of 130 million yuan for the demolition of about 300000 squaremeters of illegal buildings within the protection scope of Jingzhou city wall,the construction of inner and outer ring roads, the drainage of moats, sewagetreatment and the improvement of surrounding environment. Since 20__, we havebeen working on the declaration of world cultural heritage. In 20__, Hubeiprovincial government officially submitted the "preliminary list of worldcultural heritage" to the State Administration of cultural relics. In January20__, the State Administration of cultural relics agreed to include the Jingzhoucity wall and the four Ming and Qing city walls of Xi'an, Nanjing and Xingchengin the "China world cultural heritage preliminary list".
This famous cultural city is located in the west of the vast and richJianghan Plain. In the Han Dynasty, the whole country was divided into 36states, named after Jingshan in the north. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty,several emperors built their capitals here, making this city an important placefor the successive dynasties to garrison troops and set up their offices.
The ancient city of Jingzhou is divided into three layers, water cityoutside, brick city in the middle and earth city inside. It is said that inorder to prevent the foundation of the city from sinking and flooding, glutinousrice slurry was poured into the stone crevice at the foot of the right city, sothe city wall was particularly strong. It is said that Guan Yunchang, thegeneral of Shu in the Three Kingdoms, was guarding Jingzhou when nine fairiescame down to earth. It's said that Jingzhou's swordsmen have moved too much, sothey should be taken back and placed in God's land, and no mortals are allowedto fight for them. Guan Gong was loyal to his brother and refused to letJingzhou, so he thought of a plan, saying: "you are in the northwest, I am inthe southeast, each building a city, the city is a thousand steps on Friday, itstarts at dark, the crowing of chickens stops, who builds first, who managesthis place. The nine fairies used their clothes to cover the earth, and GuanGong cut reeds to build the city. Guangong city is just a corner away from thenine fairies City, and the chickens are not crowing yet. Guan Gong vibrates thechicken cage and the reed mat, the rooster crows, and the nine fairies go toheaven in shame. This is the origin of jiunvzhuo outside the north gate ofJingzhou City. It's also said that Zhang Fei also carried the earth to help hissecond brother build the city. But when he came late, he dumped the earthoutside the east gate. Nowadays, people call these two hills like Earth "ZhangFei Yidan earth". These are all myths and legends. However, in order to guardagainst the eastern Wu Dynasty, Guan Gong built a new city next to the old cityin the Han Dynasty, which has historical records. Anyone who has read theromance of the Three Kingdoms knows the story of Liu Bei's false cry forJingzhou and Guan Gong's careless loss of Jingzhou. Our first stop was "a placefor military strategists." Jingzhou, the capital of China.
我的家乡在荆州，那是一个美丽的地方。也是一座古老的历史文化名城。
荆州古城分为东门、西门、南门、北门。其中，我觉得东门最美丽了。踏上古老的青石板铺成的小路，走进宾阳楼，首先映入眼帘的是一座座塑像，有关羽、刘备、张飞和赵云、诸葛亮。看到这些，我仿佛回到了三国战场，关羽朱颜长须手握青龙偃月刀，体验那“一夫当关，万夫莫开”的豪情。
站在东门城楼，凭栏远眺，远处鳞次栉比的高楼，近处波光粼粼的护城河。在护城河的两边一排排柳树像一位位战士一样守护着我们。每当春暖花开的时候，许许多多的小朋友来到广场上放风筝，古城墙一下子热闹了起来。爬山虎也不甘示弱，爬满了整个古城墙，把古老的城墙变得更加美丽。
走进广场，一只金色的“大凤凰”，踩着一轮栩栩如生的“太阳”矗立在广场中央，气宇轩昂的朝着东方。呀!原来它有有一个非常响亮的名字，叫“金凤腾飞”。金凤的周围围绕着八根石柱，石栏刻着带有浓郁古荆州特色的雕刻花纹，它像八个庄严的“战士”，时刻保卫着“金凤”，金凤的南面有一根“九龙柱”，九龙柱上刻有九条飞龙，它们相互缠绕，互相嬉戏，就像在争抢食物呢!
每当夜幕降临的时候，荆州宾阳楼变成了灯的海洋，光的世界，灯光倒映在护城河上，银光闪闪，美丽动人。远处的古城墙在灯光照射下，显得古朴而沧桑，让人生出无限遐想。
随着祖国建设事业的发展，美丽的荆州必将变得更加美丽，更加灿烂。
江陵，古称荆州，远在太古，中国方圆九州，荆州就是一个州的中心之地，春秋战国时，楚国把楚国都迁到江陵，这里便成了楚国的政治、军事、文化、经济的中心，楚在此建都400多年，历经20代。
江陵是我国为数不多的有古城墙的城市之一。相传为刘备借荆州”时关羽所筑。秦汉以来江陵北至长安、洛阳，南下两广，西去四川、云贵的陆上通道必经之路。城南又有长江水运之便，向有自古兵家重荆州”之说。据<<三国演义>>载：赤壁之战以后，曹操退回黄河流域，孙权为巩固长江下游的统治势力，占领荆州。孙刘之间的联盟本来就出于一时利害关系上的考虑，双方为了夺取荆州这一块地方，展开了激烈的明争暗斗。孙权采纳了部下鲁肃的主张，把荆州借给刘备，以便联合抗御曹操。刘备取得四川后，不归还荆州，派二弟关羽据守，关羽出兵襄樊，威逼曹操，孙权乘荆州空虚，派吕蒙袭取荆州，俘杀了关羽。历史上刘备借荆州”、东吴赔了夫人又折兵”、关羽大意失荆州”等故事都发生在这里。孙刘联盟破裂后，刘备、张飞兴兵伐吴，张飞未曾出兵，被部将张达、范疆所杀。头葬云阳，身葬阆中”。刘备兵败彝陵”，白帝城托孤。
荆州古城又保存完好的护城墙，成内东西直径3.75公里，南北直径1.2公里，总面积4.6平方公里。
荆州护城河，又称水域，时古城的第一到防御线，护城河全长10500米，宽30米，水深4米。护城河西通太湖，东连长湖，与古运河相连，驾舟从内河可直达武汉。
位于荆州城内的荆州博物馆”，又出土文物和传世文物120xx多件，其中最稀世的珍宝是越王勾践剑和西汉男尸。越王勾践剑，剑厂68.8厘米，剑身饰满菱形花纹，近柄处刻有鸟篆铭文越王勾践，自作用剑”八个字，剑柄两面分别镶嵌有三色玻璃和绿松石。虽然在底下埋藏了三千多年，仍剑刃锋利，青光闪烁，换然如新。西汉男尸，据墓中竹简记载，该人葬于汉文帝十三年(前167年)五月，死者名遂”，江陵县市阳里人，终年60岁，生前为五大夫(相当与或略高于当时的县一级官员)，身高1.678米，体重52.5公斤。
这个著名的文化士城，座落在辽阔富饶的江汉平原的西沿。汉朝的时候，全国划分为三十六州，道里因北有荆山而得名。东晋以後，有几个皇帝在这里建都，使这座城池成了历代王朝屯兵置府的重镇、兵家必争之地。
荆州古城分为三层，外边是水城，中间是砖城，里面是土城。据说当年为防止城基下陷，洪水泛城，右城脚条石缝中浇灌糯米浆，因而城墙特别坚固。传说三国蜀将关云长镇守荆州，忽遇九位仙女下凡。传王母娘娘旨意，说荆州 刀兵动得太多，要收回置于神地，不准凡人争夺。关公忠于其兄不让荆州，于是想了一个计策，说：“你们在西北，我在东南，各筑一城，城周五千步，天黑始，鸡鸣止，谁先筑好，谁就管理这个地方。，九仙女用衣裙兜土，关公伐芦苇筑城。关公城就，九仙女城差一隅，鸡尚未鸣。关公振动鸡笼芦席，公鸡啼鸣，九仙女羞愧地上天去了。这就是现在荆州城北门外九女琢的来历。又传说张飞也挑担土来帮二哥筑城，可是来晚了，便将土倒在东门外，现今人们都把这两座小口山似的土叫“张飞一担土”。这些都是神话传说，然而关公为了防范东吴，在汉代旧城旁筑了一座新城，都是有历史记载的。 凡读过《三国演义》的人，都知道刘备假意哭荆州、关公大意失荆州的故事。我们的第一站就到了“兵家必争之地。”的荆州。
荆州市地处江汉平原腹地，长江自西向东横贯全市。东与武汉市相连、西与宜昌市交界、南与湖南省接壤，北与荆门市毗邻。总面积1。41万平方公里，其中平原湖区占78。8%，丘陵低山区占21。2%，耕地面积43。15万公顷。
荆州市辖荆州、沙市2区和江陵、公安、监利3县，代管松滋、石首、洪湖3市，全市总人口630。12万人，占湖北省总人口的10。5%。市内居住有汉、回、蒙、土家等30个民族。中心城区面积54平方公里，人口75万。
荆州属亚热带季风气候区。光能充足、热量丰富、无霜期长。多数年份降雨量在1100-1300毫米之间。4-10月份降水量占全年80%，太阳辐射量占全年75%，≥10℃的积温为全年80%，全市河流交错、湖泊密布，有大小河流近百余条，均属长江水系，主要有长江干流及其支流松滋河、虎渡河、藕池河、调弦河等。全市有千亩以上湖泊30多个，总面积8万公顷，其中洪湖为湖北省第一大湖，总面积3。55万公顷。
荆州旅游资源得天独厚，文化旅游、生态旅游蔚为大观。市内有闻名遐迩的荆州古城，脍灸人口的三国故事，古老纯朴的江汉民俗。纪南城、关公庙、章华寺、乌林古战场、华容道等人文景观底蕴深厚，荆州博物馆被评为国家首批"4A"博物馆,位居全国地市级博物馆之首，馆藏文物达12万余件，其中西汉古尸等国家一级文物近300件(套)。"一曲洪湖水，唱遍天下知"，洪湖湘鄂西革0据地的瞿家湾、周老咀等革命旧址已列入国家级爱国主义教育基地。境内山青水秀，湖泊纵横，是典型的水乡园林城市。近年来新建开发的松滋危水风景区、洪湖渔家度假区和石首天鹅洲麋鹿自然保护区等自然景观令人流连忘返。
各位嘉宾，大家上午好!今天我们将参观著名的荆州古城。
“闻听三国事，每欲到荆州”。一提起荆州，您一定会自然而然地想到小说《三国演义》中刘备借荆州、鲁肃讨荆州、吕蒙袭荆州、关羽失荆州那些脍炙人口的三国故事，一百二十回《三国演义》，就有七十二回的内容涉及荆州。千百年来，到荆州古城探询三国历史烟云陈迹的凭吊者、访古者、探幽者络绎不绝。作为大家的实地导游，我很荣幸能够借这样一个机会把荆州古城逾两千年来演变和发展的历史画卷展现给大家。
我们现在所处的位置是荆州城东门外，大家面前的这条几十米宽的河流就是护城河，在打仗之时，它是抵御敌人攻城的一道天然屏障，而如今在这条河上，每年都会举办隆重的国际龙舟邀请赛。入城之前，首先请让我给大家介绍一下荆州古城的历史背景。
荆州城，又名江陵城。是目前我国南方保存最为完整的一座古代城池，也是1982年国务院首批公布的全国24座历史文化名城之一;1996年，荆州古城墙被国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位;20xx年时，以荆州古城为中心的荆州市又被国家旅游局命名为中国优秀旅游城市。
回顾荆州的历史，可以说与华夏上下五千年的文明史紧密相连。大家都知道，中华民族是炎黄子孙，黄帝和炎帝部落合并统一华夏后，“割地布九州”(冀、兖、青、徐、扬、荆、豫、梁、雍)，荆州即为这古老的九州之一。
“荆州”这个名称，最早见于战国时期的典籍《尚书?禹贡》中的“荆及衡阳惟荆州”，当时荆州的区域面积是很大的，春秋战国时期的楚国便是兴起于荆州域内。据史料记载，周庄王八年(即公元前689年)，楚文王将都城迁往今天荆州城北五公里处的纪南城，楚国在此建都长达420xx年，前后经历了二十个国王，创造了与黄河流域中原文化辉映并重，并可与古希腊、古罗马文化相媲美的楚文化。相传楚成王(公元前671至520xx年)在位时，为了毕览长江胜景，在荆州城区营建了“飞楼百尺照湖水、上有燕赵千娥眉”的诸宫和宫船码头，这诸宫和宫船码头就是今天荆州城的雏形。秦昭王二十九年(即公元前278年)，秦国名将白起率兵攻打楚国，占领了江汉之间的地域，秦随即在楚都设南郡，为当时全国三十六郡之一。后来，秦又在今天荆州城的地方设立江陵县，“以地临江”、“近州无高山，所有皆陵阜”，故称“江陵”。公元前120xx年，汉武帝建立荆州刺史部，为全国为十三州之一，从此，荆州开始成为行政区划的名称。
自秦汉以后，荆州成为历代王朝封王置府的重镇，一直是州、郡一级治所，有的朝代还曾在此建都立国。三国时，这里是争霸的要津，孙刘联合在赤壁一战大破曹军，刘备遂于次年向孙权借得荆州，并以此为根基迅速发展蜀国势力。此后，东晋末年的安帝，南朝时的齐和帝、梁元帝、后梁宣帝，隋时的后梁王以及唐末五代十国时的南平国王等，先后有11个纷争王侯在此称帝(王)建都，长达100余年。唐代的荆州是陪都，称“南郡”，与长安城南北呼应。宋朝建立后，于此置江陵府。元初改江陵府为上路总管府。明初又改设荆州府。清代则沿用明朝制度。民国时，荆州属湖北省第四行政都察区。中华人民共和国成立后，荆州城是湖北省荆州地区专员公署和江陵县人民政府机关所在地。1994年，原荆州地区和沙市市合并成立荆沙市，1997年更名为荆州市，荆州城为荆州市六县市二区的荆州区所在地。
荆州城地处天下之中，江湖之会，历来就是兵家必争之地。诸葛亮曾说：“荆州北据汉沔、利尽南海，东连吴、会，西通巴、蜀，此用武之国”。汉代以耿直忠烈闻名的宰相李固，三国名将关羽、周瑜、吕蒙、陆逊，晋代文武双全的大司马陶侃都曾镇守过荆州;晋代诗人谢灵运、鲍照，唐代开明宰相张九龄、张柬之，大文学家韩愈、元稹以及宋代大政治家王安石等著名历史人物，也都曾在荆州担任过大小不同的职务。此外，历代的许多次重大农民起义，也都把荆州作为重要的攻夺目标，如西汉末年的王匡、王凤，唐末的黄巢，元末的陈友谅，明末的李自成和张献忠等领导的农民起义军都曾攻占过荆州城。
除了是军事要地，古代荆州城的经济与文化也是非常活跃和繁荣的。由于交通便捷、土地肥沃、气候温和、物产丰富，早在西汉时期，它已发展成为全国十大商业中心之一，名列南方五郡之首。南北朝时，便成为“长江中游第一城”，与下游著名的商业城市扬州齐名，史称“江左大镇莫过荆、扬”。虽然在西魏时期曾一度毁于战难，但到中唐又逐渐恢复繁华且其规模约十倍于以前，所以荆州城在当时被定位“陪都”，与长安、洛阳并称。
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荆州是楚文化的中心，是“钟鸣楚天”的音乐、舞蹈之邦，享有“惟楚有才”的盛誉。千百年来，这里文化昌盛，人才辈出，孕育有楚国著名爱国诗人屈原、唐代著名边塞诗人岑参、宋代“小万卷”朱昴等一大批江陵才子。在政坛，从荆州走出的宰相有唐代刘洎、段文昌和“一门三相”的岑之本、岑长清、岑羲祖孙三代，最为著名的是明代宰相张居正，他力主革除弊政，发展经济，在当时起到了一定的积极作用，为后人所崇敬。同时，荆州城旖旎的自然风光和深厚的文化底蕴，还吸引了历代众多知名文人志士前来观光游览、咏诗会友，汉代的司马迁，魏晋南北朝的王粲、陶渊明，唐代的王维、孟浩然、李白、杜甫、刘禹锡、李商隐、杜牧，宋代的苏轼、陆游及明清的袁宏道、王士祯等都曾游历过荆州城，并留下大量的诗文佳作，其中最负盛名的当属李白《下江陵》一诗中“朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还”的绝句了。
好了，说了这么多，大家对荆州古城的过去一定有了进一步地了解吧。现在就让我们一起去来看看现在的荆州城里到底是个什么样子。请大家紧跟着我沿着右边的人行道上城，左边是马道，如果您留意的话，就会发现砌成马道的砖上刻有文字，这就是荆州古城墙上极为珍贵的铭文砖，又叫文字砖，它们记载了历代修建荆州城墙的漫长历史过程，反映了荆州所管辖的行政区域的变迁状况，具有重要的历史研究价值。
相传在汉代荆州就筑有正规的城墙，后经蜀将关羽、东吴守将朱然和东晋荆州刺史桓温及梁元帝等12次维修扩建，使荆州城更加坚实壮阔，但这都是土城墙。据史料记载，荆州最初的砖城墙始建于五代十国时期，荆南节度使高季兴出于割据荆州自立为王的目的，于公元920xx年动用十几万军民大修荆州砖城墙，筑城的砖不够，就下令四处挖取墓砖，方圆五十里内的坟墓尽遭挖掘。据说城墙筑成后，每到深夜，墙上便游荡出无数的磷光，看上去像“鬼火”，令人毛骨悚然。北宋末年，因“靖康”战火焚烧，城墙大毁。到了南宋时，荆州安抚史赵雄为了加强荆州防御，上奏淳熙皇帝准许，于公元1187年大兴土木，在11个月的时间内重修起砖城墙，还在城墙上建造战楼一千余间，这次筑城的砖为政府下令烧制的“专用城砖”，砖上有责任铭文，但没有年号记载。后来，元兵攻占荆州城，忽必烈下令将城墙全部拆除。朱元璋建立明朝后，再次依旧基修复，并在城周开掘护城河。明末张献忠率领农民起义军攻进荆州城后，城墙又被愤怒的义军所拆除。直至清顺治三年(即公元1646年)，第三次在旧基上筑起城墙，这就是留存至今的荆州古城墙。城池构筑十分坚牢，为了防止城墙因水侵腐蚀而下陷，城墙基脚全部用条石垒砌，墙面均用石灰糯米浆灌缝，尽管曾遭三毁三建，且历经三百多个春秋寒暑，该城墙依然保存完好。新中国成立以后，国家和当地政府对荆州古城进行了重点保护，对荆州城及周边环境加以改造、整治、修缮和扩建，修建了内环道和外环道，疏通治理了护城河，在东门外和新北门分别建起了凤凰广场和天问广场，使荆州古城更加美丽、雄伟、壮观，这就是各位今天看到的荆州城古老而新鲜的面孔。
另外，据专家考证指出，到目前为止，荆州城墙上发现最早的、有年号的文字砖是明洪武二年(即公元1369年)的，距今已有六百多年的历史，此砖比新华社报道的、在万里长城上发现的万历年间的文字砖要早220xx年。更令人称奇的是，从文字砖上记载得知，这些砖不仅仅出自江汉平原，还有的来自省内其他地方及省外的湖南、陕西、江西等地，由此可见当时筑城工程之巨大。古代筑城，还体现出一种质量管理的思想，历代建筑或维修城墙所留下的或详或简的责任铭文，实际上都是一种公开的责任状。从城砖上文字记载的内容看，是十分细致严格的，除了记录有制砖的时间和地点外，还有关于监造人、制砖人、烧窑人、制砖费用、承担者姓名和具体负责的地方官员的详细铭文。可见在当时修筑荆州城墙时采取了“全民动员、上下动手、分工明确、责任到人”的做法。荆州之所以在古代一直被誉为“铁打的荆州”，与这种“责任制”是分不开的。这也是我们今天需要从先贤那里学习和借鉴的。
大家仔细的观察这些文字砖，细心的朋友还会发现在文字刻法上，既有阴刻，也有阳刻，还有阴阳兼刻;在书法字体上，既有行书，也有楷书;在字的写法上，则既有繁体字，又有简化字。因此，这些文字砖还有重要的艺术研究价值，值得进一步开发和利用。
现在，我们登上了东门城楼，凭栏远眺，遥想关羽当年，朱颜长髯，手握青龙偃月刀，您是否也壮心勃发，能够体验到“一夫当关，万夫莫开”的豪情呢?
从空中鸟瞰，荆州城墙就像一条游龙绵亘在水泊湖沼之中，呈不规则的椭圆形。整个城墙东西长公里，南北宽公里，周长公里，城内面积平方公里。城墙高米，顶面宽3至5米不等，底座宽10米左右。城墙上建有城垛4567个，炮台26个以及藏兵洞4个。这些都是古代战争防御进攻的工具。
荆州古城共建有六座城门，东北各两座，西南各一座。东门名叫寅宾门，小东门名叫公安门，大北门名叫拱极门，又名柳门，小北门名叫远安门，南门名叫南纪门，西门名叫安澜门。每座城门的名称都与荆州的地理、历史和习俗有关，如小东门，当年刘备把油江口改为公安，迎娶孙夫人后乘船回荆州，在此门下舟登岸进荆州城，故名公安名;又如大北门，古时候城北有通往京都的大道，仕宦迁官调职时，皆出此门，官员友朋送行时，在此折柳相赠，故又称柳门。为什么古人不折桃李，却偏要折柳相赠呢?这可是有来由的，据史书记载，我国自汉代起，亲友临别时折柳相赠渐成习俗，是因“柳”是“留”的谐音，折柳相赠有“挽留”、“留恋”之意。除小东门之外，其他五座城门均有闾门，为二重门，二门之间有瓮城，二重门各设一个木质对开门，木门内还有一道10厘米厚的闸板，以防水患。此外，六座城门上原来都建有城门楼，东门城楼叫宾阳楼，小东门城楼叫望江楼，大北门城楼叫景龙楼，小北门城楼叫朝宗楼，南门城楼叫曲江楼，西门城楼叫九阳楼，由于朝代更替，历史变迁，加上战火的破坏，原有的城楼除大北门上的景龙楼为清朝道光十八年(即公元1838年)重修保存至今外，都已不复存在了。我们现在所在的东门宾阳楼，是国家为了发展荆州旅游事业，修缮和保护荆州古城于20世纪80年代拨款仿古重建的。
在荆州，“刘备借荆州”的故事就发生在这儿呢!
那里有一座雄伟壮观的古城墙，许多游客都去攀登它古老宽阔的脊背。
春天，小朋友在城墙边放着五颜六色的风筝，有的像在空中翱翔的小鸟，有的像正在觅食的老鹰......古城墙在形态各异的风筝的衬托下显得格外美丽。
夏天，古城墙热闹非凡。有的人在清凉的护城河中游泳，有的人拿着相机“咔嚓、咔嚓”照个不停，为古城墙留下了美丽的瞬间，还有的人在城墙旁的柳树下乘凉，一排排像一位位少女在微风中摆动着柔顺的长发。
秋天，树叶翩然落下，红色飞上了枫树的枝头，金色跑遍了无边的田野，古城墙也变的美不胜收。一阵微风吹过，城墙两侧的爬山虎就像下起了“树叶雨”，一片片叶子就像一只只蝴蝶快乐的舞动着。看!护城河上漂浮着落叶组成的小舰队，在风姑娘的助威声中争先恐后的驶向岸边。
冬天，雪花漫天飞舞，房子上、树上、地上都堆积着一层厚厚的雪，整个古城仿佛变成了一个白色的世界。许多树枝被厚厚的积雪压弯了腰，人们都到屋子里围着温暖的炉火喝茶、聊天，只有古城墙还坚强的矗立在雪地上，像一条白色的巨龙守护着这片土地。
各位嘉宾，大家上午好!
今天我们将参观著名的荆州古城。
“闻听三国事，每欲到荆州”。一提起荆州，您一定会自然而然地想到小说《三国演义》中刘备借荆州、鲁肃讨荆州、吕蒙袭荆州、关羽失荆州那些脍炙人口的三国故事，一百二十回《三国演义》，就有七十二回的内容涉及荆州。千百年来，到荆州古城探询三国历史烟云陈迹的凭吊者、访古者、探幽者络绎不绝。作为大家的实地导游，我很荣幸能够借这样一个机会把荆州古城逾两千年来演变和发展的历史画卷展现给大家。
我们现在所处的位置是荆州城东门外，大家面前的这条几十米宽的河流就是护城河，在打仗之时，它是抵御敌人攻城的一道天然屏障，而如今在这条河上，每年都会举办隆重的国际龙舟邀请赛。入城之前，首先请让我给大家介绍一下荆州古城的历史背景。
荆州城，又名江陵城。是目前我国南方保存最为完整的一座古代城池，也是1982年国务院首批公布的全国24座历史文化名城之一;1996年，荆州古城墙被国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位;20xx年时，以荆州古城为中心的荆州市又被国家旅游局命名为中国优秀旅游城市。
回顾荆州的历史，可以说与华夏上下五千年的文明史紧密相连。大家都知道，中华民族是炎黄子孙，黄帝和炎帝部落合并统一华夏后，“割地布九州”(冀、兖、青、徐、扬、荆、豫、梁、雍)，荆州即为这古老的九州之一。
“荆州”这个名称，最早见于战国时期的典籍《尚书?禹贡》中的“荆及衡阳惟荆州”，当时荆州的区域面积是很大的，春秋战国时期的楚国便是兴起于荆州域内。据史料记载，周庄王八年(即公元前689年)，楚文王将都城迁往今天荆州城北五公里处的纪南城，楚国在此建都长达420xx年，前后经历了二十个国王，创造了与黄河流域中原文化辉映 并重，并可与古希腊、古罗马文化相媲美的楚文化。相传楚成王(公元前671至520xx年)在位时，为了毕览长江胜景，在荆州城区营建了“飞楼百尺照湖水、上有燕赵千娥眉”的诸宫和宫船码头，这诸宫和宫船码头就是今天荆州城的雏形。秦昭王二十九年(即公元前278年)，秦国名将白起率兵攻打楚国，占领了江汉之间的地域，秦随即在楚都设南郡，为当时全国三十六郡之一。后来，秦又在今天荆州城的地方设立江陵县，“以地临江”、“近州无高山，所有皆陵阜”，故称“江陵”。公元前120xx年，汉武帝建立荆州刺史部，为全国为十三州之一，从此，荆州开始成为行政区划的名称。
自秦汉以后，荆州成为历代王朝封王置府的重镇，一直是州、郡一级治所，有的朝代还曾在此建都立国。三国时，这里是争霸的要津，孙刘联合在赤壁一战大破曹军，刘备遂于次年向孙权借得荆州，并以此为根基迅速发展蜀国势力。此后，东晋末年的安帝，南朝时的齐和帝、梁元帝、后梁宣帝，隋时的后梁王以及唐末五代十国时的南平国王等，先后有11个纷争王侯在此称帝(王)建都，长达100余年。唐代的荆州是陪都，称“南郡”，与长安城南北呼应。宋朝建立后，于此置江陵府。元初改江陵府为上路总管府。明初又改设荆州府。清代则沿用明朝制度。民国时，荆州属湖北省第四行政都察区。中华人民共和国成立后，荆州城是湖北省荆州地区专员公署和江陵县人民政府机关所在地。1994年，原荆州地区和沙市市合并成立荆沙市，1997年更名为荆州市，荆州城为荆州市六县市二区的荆州区所在地。
荆州城地处天下之中，江湖之会，历来就是兵家必争之地。诸葛亮曾说：“荆州北据汉沔、利尽南海，东连吴、会，西通巴、蜀，此用武之国”。汉代以耿直忠烈闻名的宰相李固，三国名将关羽、周瑜、吕蒙、陆逊，晋代文武双全的大司马陶侃都曾镇守过荆州;晋代诗人谢灵运、鲍照，唐代开明宰相张九龄、张柬之，大文学家韩愈、元稹以及宋代大政治家王安石等著名历史人物，也都曾在荆州担任过大小不同的职务。此外，历代的许多次重大农民起义，也都把荆州作为重要的攻夺目标，如西汉末年的王匡、王凤，唐末的黄巢，元末的陈友谅，明末的李自成和张献忠等领导的农民起义军都曾攻占过荆州城。
除了是军事要地，古代荆州城的经济与文化也是非常活跃和繁荣的。由于交通便捷、土地肥沃、气候温和、物产丰富，早在西汉时期，它已发展成为全国十大商业中心之一，名列南方五郡之首。南北朝时，便成为“长江中游第一城”，与下游著名的商业城市扬州齐名，史称“江左大镇莫过荆、扬”。虽然在西魏时期曾一度毁于战难，但到中唐又逐渐恢复繁华且其规模约十倍于以前，所以荆州城在当时被定位“陪都”，与长安、洛阳并称。
荆州是楚文化的中心，是“钟鸣楚天”的音乐、舞蹈之邦，享有“惟楚有才”的盛誉。千百年来，这里文化昌盛，人才辈出，孕育有楚国著名爱国诗人屈原、唐代著名边塞诗人岑参、宋代“小万卷”朱昴等一大批江陵才子。在政坛，从荆州走出的宰相有唐代刘洎、段文昌和“一门三相”的岑之本、岑长清、岑羲祖孙三代，最为著名的是明代宰相张居正，他力主革除弊政，发展经济，在当时起到了一定的积极作用，为后人所崇敬。同时，荆州城旖旎的自然风光和深厚的文化底蕴，还吸引了历代众多知名文人志士前来观光游览、咏诗会友，汉代的司马迁，魏晋南北朝的王粲、陶渊明，唐代的王维、孟浩然、李白、杜甫、刘禹锡、李商隐、杜牧，宋代的苏轼、陆游及明清的袁宏道、王士祯等都曾游历过荆州城，并留下大量的诗文佳作，其中最负盛名的当属李白《下江陵》一诗中“朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还”的绝句了。
好了，说了这么多，大家对荆州古城的过去一定有了进一步地了解吧。现在就让我们一起去来看看现在的荆州城里到底是个什么样子。请大家紧跟着我沿着右边的人行道上城，左边是马道，如果您留意的话，就会发现砌成马道的砖上刻有文字，这就是荆州古城墙上极为珍贵的铭文砖，又叫文字砖，它们记载了历代修建荆州城墙的漫长历史过程，反映了荆州所管辖的行政区域的变迁状况，具有重要的历史研究价值。
相传在汉代荆州就筑有正规的城墙，后经蜀将关羽、东吴守将朱然和东晋荆州刺史桓温及梁元帝等12次维修扩建，使荆州城更加坚实壮阔，但这都是土城墙。据史料记载，荆州最初的砖城墙始建于五代十国时期，荆南节度使高季兴出于割据荆州自立为王的目的，于公元920xx年动用十几万军民大修荆州砖城墙，筑城的砖不够，就下令四处挖取墓砖，方圆五十里内的坟墓尽遭挖掘。据说城墙筑成后，每到深夜，墙上便游荡出无数的磷光，看上去像“鬼火”，令人毛骨悚然。北宋末年，因“靖康”战火焚烧，城墙大毁。到了南宋时，荆州安抚史赵雄为了加强荆州防御，上奏淳熙皇帝准许，于公元1187年大兴土木，在11个月的时间内重修起砖城墙，还在城墙上建造战楼一千余间，这次筑城的砖为政府下令烧制的“专用城砖”，砖上有责任铭文，但没有年号记载。后来，元兵攻占荆州城，忽必烈下令将城墙全部拆除。朱元璋建立明朝后，再次依旧基修复，并在城周开掘护城河。明末张献忠率领农民起义军攻进荆州城后，城墙又被愤怒的义军所拆除。直至清顺治三年(即公元1646年)，第三次在旧基上筑起城墙，这就是留存至今的荆州古城墙。城池构筑十分坚牢，为了防止城墙因水侵腐蚀而下陷，城墙基脚全部用条石垒砌，墙面均用石灰糯米浆灌缝，尽管曾遭三毁三建，且历经三百多个春秋寒暑，该城墙依然保存完好。新中国成立以后，国家和当地政府对荆州古城进行了重点保护，对荆州城及周边环境加以改造、整治、修缮和扩建，修建了内环道和外环道，疏通治理了护城河，在东门外和新北门分别建起了凤凰广场和天问广场，使荆州古城更加美丽、雄伟、壮观，这就是各位今天看到的荆州城古老而新鲜的面孔。
另外，据专家考证指出，到目前为止，荆州城墙上发现最早的、有年号的文字砖是明洪武二年(即公元1369年)的，距今已有六百多年的历史，此砖比新华社报道的、在万里长城上发现的万历年间的文字砖要早220xx年。更令人称奇的是，从文字砖上记载得知，这些砖不仅仅出自江汉平原，还有的来自省内其他地方及省外的湖南、陕西、江西等地，由此可见当时筑城工程之巨大。古代筑城，还体现出一种质量管理的思想，历代建筑或维修城墙所留下的或详或简的责任铭文，实际上都是一种公开的责任状。从城砖上文字记载的内容看，是十分细致严格的，除了记录有制砖的时间和地点外，还有关于监造人、制砖人、烧窑人、制砖费用、承担者姓名和具体负责的地方官员的详细铭文。可见在当时修筑荆州城墙时采取了“全民动员、上下动手、分工明确、责任到人”的做法。荆州之所以在古代一直被誉为“铁打的荆州”，与这种“责任制”是分不开的。这也是我们今天需要从先贤那里学习和借鉴的。
大家仔细的观察这些文字砖，细心的朋友还会发现在文字刻法上，既有阴刻，也有阳刻，还有阴阳兼刻;在书法字体上，既有行书，也有楷书;在字的写法上，则既有繁体字，又有简化字。因此，这些文字砖还有重要的艺术研究价值，值得进一步开发和利用。
现在，我们登上了东门城楼，凭栏远眺，遥想关羽当年，朱颜长髯，手握青龙偃月刀，您是否也壮心勃发，能够体验到“一夫当关，万夫莫开”的豪情呢?
从空中鸟瞰，荆州城墙就像一条游龙绵亘在水泊湖沼之中，呈不规则的椭圆形。整个城墙东西长3.75公里，南北宽1.2公里，周长10.5公里，城内面积4.5平方公里。城墙高8.83米，顶面宽3至5米不等，底座宽10米左右。城墙上建有城垛4567个，炮台26个以及藏兵洞4个。这些都是古代战争防御进攻的工具。
荆州古城共建有六座城门，东北各两座，西南各一座。东门名叫寅宾门，小东门名叫公安门，大北门名叫拱极门，又名柳门，小北门名叫远安门，南门名叫南纪门，西门名叫安澜门。每座城门的名称都与荆州的地理、历史和习俗有关，如小东门，当年刘备把油江口改为公安，迎娶孙夫人后乘船回荆州，在此门下舟登岸进荆州城，故名公安名;又如大北门，古时候城北有通往京都的大道，仕宦迁官调职时，皆出此门，官员友朋送行时，在此折柳相赠，故又称柳门。为什么古人不折桃李，却偏要折柳相赠呢?这可是有来由的，据史书记载，我国自汉代起，亲友临别时折柳相赠渐成习俗，是因“柳”是“留”的谐音，折柳相赠有“挽留”、“留恋”之意。除小东门之外，其他五座城门均有闾门，为二重门，二门之间有瓮城，二重门各设一个木质对开门，木门内还有一道10厘米厚的闸板，以防水患。此外，六座城门上原来都建有城门楼，东门城楼叫宾阳楼，小东门城楼叫望江楼，大北门城楼叫景龙楼，小北门城楼叫朝宗楼，南门城楼叫曲江楼，西门城楼叫九阳楼，由于朝代更替，历史变迁，加上战火的破坏，原有的城楼除大北门上的景龙楼为清朝道光十八年(即公元1838年)重修保存至今外，都已不复存在了。我们现在所在的东门宾阳楼，是国家为了发展荆州旅游事业，修缮和保护荆州古城于20世纪80年代拨款仿古重建的。
荆州城内外还零星散落着一些历史遗迹，也是值得大家前往一游的地方，如城内的开元观、玄妙观、铁女寺、文庙、关帝庙，城外的太晖观、关公点将台、张飞一担土等，除了城墙和这些历史遗迹外，在荆州城内再难看到古老的建筑，取而代之的是鳞次栉比的高楼大厦。随着时间的推进，昔日荆州城内的小街小巷也有宽阔的马路代替，形成纵横交错、井然有序的公路网。为了适应现代交通工具的需要，在东、南、北三面的城墙上又开凿了适合公交车辆通行的三座新城门，使今天荆州城的城门变为了9座。荆州古城内四处透射着现代气息，商业氛围非常浓郁，大型的商场有荆州商场、荆州百货大楼、荆州华联商厦、荆州楚天大楼等，在这些商场里各类商品应有尽有，如果您想购买一些荆州的土特产品带回家作为纪念或馈赠亲朋，我在此可以如数家珍地把荆州风物介绍给大家，请大家用心听好喽：在聚珍园这座有着百年历史的老饭店里可以买到正宗的江陵八宝饭，在荆州百货大楼里可以买到香酥可口的江陵九黄饼，在荆州丝绸厂里可以买到称心如意的织锦缎、仿古绸等丝绸产品，在荆州工艺美术厂还可以买到品种各异的仿古漆器……
好了，荆州古城的有关情况就给大家介绍到这儿了。现在给大家一刻钟的时间自由活动，大家可以在此拍照留念。
荆州古城又名江陵城。是我国历史文化名城之一。 南邻沙市，傍倚长江。城墙盘旋于湖光水色之中，依地势而起伏，顺湖池而迂回，蜿蜒伸展，状若游龙。巍巍古城，已有20xx多年历史，自秦汉起，耸有城廓，五代十国后，始建砖城，宋、元、明几毁几修。现保存完好的古城墙，为清顺治三年(公元1646年)依明城垣所建，近年来，沿城墙内外修建了许多新景点。
大家都知道《三国演义》里的刘备假意哭荆州、关公大意失荆州的故事。这里就是“兵家必争之地。”的荆州。这个著名的文化名城，座落在辽阔富饶的江汉平原的西沿。汉朝的时候，全国划分为三十六州，这里因北有荆山而得名。东晋以后，有几个皇帝在这里建都，使这座城池成了历代王朝屯兵置府的重镇、兵家必争之地。
荆州城由于地处江湖之会，是连接东南西北水陆交通的枢纽，这里土地肥沃，气候温和，特产丰富，而且还曾是全国重要的商业中心之一，在西汉时期，名列南方五郡之冠。
荆州这个名称，是上古大禹治水时所定的九州(冀、衮、青、扬、荆、豫、梁、雍)之一，以当时境内荆山得名。三国以后，荆州城一直是州、郡一级的治所，有的还曾在此建都立国。
荆州古城分为三层，外边是水城，中间是砖城，里面是土城。据说当年为防止城基下陷，洪水泛城，右城脚条石缝中浇灌糯米浆，因而城墙特别坚固。传说三国蜀将关云长镇守荆州，忽遇九位仙女下凡。传王母娘娘旨意，说荆州刀兵动得太多，要收回置于神地，不准凡人争夺。关公忠于其兄不让荆州，于是想了一个计策，说：“你们在西北，我在东南，各筑一城，城周五千步，天黑始，鸡鸣止，谁先筑好，谁就管理这个地方。，九仙女用衣裙兜土，关公伐芦苇筑城。关公城就，九仙女城差一隅，鸡尚未鸣。关公振动鸡笼芦席，公鸡啼鸣，九仙女羞愧地上天去了。这就是现在荆州城北门外九女琢的来历。又传说张飞也挑担土来帮二哥筑城，可是来晚了，便将土倒在东门外，现今人们都把这两座小口山似的土叫“张飞一担土”。这些都是神话传说，然而关公为了防范东吴，在汉代旧城旁筑了一座新城，都是有历史记载的。
荆州城北十华里，是春秋战国时代中国南方最大城市的遗址——“楚纪南故城”。楚国有二十个国王，前后四百一十一年在这里建都。故城地上、地下、城内、城外，蕴藏着丰富的楚国文化。在这里随手都可以拣到两千多年前的瓦片和陶片。
在荆州古城内有关三国的古迹，还有关公行军的大铁锅、养马槽;有吕蒙袭荆州时，守军丢盔弃甲的掷甲山等等。城外，八岭山中有关众多有关三国关羽传说的遗址。我们步下八岭山南端的落帽台，向山中进发，穿过层层松林，来到关公刨泉处。泉边碑文记载：“刘先主困当阳时，关公引师救之，取道过此，人马俱困，忠义感泉涌出，传诵至今。”现在，这口泉的泉水，或为茶亭取水泡茶以待游人;或为酒厂取水酿酒，以款宾客。
悠久的历史，给荆州留下了难以数计的古文物，现保存在荆州博物馆内的就有三千多件。以卧薪尝胆闻名的越王勾践，他所使用的一把宝剑，一九六五年在荆州城北出土。剑上有乌篆铭文：「越王勾践，自作用剑」八个大字。剑身满是菱形花纹，镶嵌著三色玻璃和绿松石。剑刃极其锋利，至今仍能吹毛断发，削铁如泥。
由于上学的原因,来到了这个古城,荆州虽不能与北京,上海那些大城市比,但它有它独特的韵味,在荆州,最常见的就是它的古城墙了.这里共有7个城门,整个城市就是被城墙包围着的.三月里,春暖花开,结伴一起骑着脚踏车,迎着暖暖的春风,把我们青春的脚步留在城墙脚下,也留下我们美好的回忆!
荆州还有很多有名的景点:桃花岛,荆州长江天鹅洲白暨豚国家级自然保护区,万寿宝塔,春秋阁,金凤腾飞,三国公园,荆州博物馆等等.现在正是去桃花村的大好时机呀,品尝着农家菜,看着片片桃花,心情豁然开朗的许多,在这里远离城市的喧闹,好似来到了世外桃源呀!
这个著名的文化士城，座落在辽阔富饶的江汉平原的西沿。汉朝的时候，全国划分为三十六州，道里因北有荆山而得名。东晋以后，有几个皇帝在这里建都，使这座城池成了历代王朝屯兵置府的重镇、兵家必争之地。
荆州古城分为三层，外边是水城，中间是砖城，里面是土城。据说当年为防止城基下陷，洪水泛城，右城脚条石缝中浇灌糯米浆，因而城墙特别坚固。传说三国蜀将关云长镇守荆州，忽遇九位仙女下凡。传王母娘娘旨意，说荆州 刀兵动得太多，要收回置于神地，不准凡人争夺。关公忠于其兄不让荆州，于是想了一个计策，说：“你们在西北，我在东南，各筑一城，城周五千步，天黑始，鸡鸣止，谁先筑好，谁就管理这个地方。，九仙女用衣裙兜土，关公伐芦苇筑城。关公城就，九仙女城差一隅，鸡尚未鸣。关公振动鸡笼芦席，公鸡啼鸣，九仙女羞愧地上天去了。这就是现在荆州城北门外九女琢的来历。又传说张飞也挑担土来帮二哥筑城，可是来晚了，便将土倒在东门外，现今人们都把这两座小口山似的土叫“张飞一担土”。这些都是神话传说，然而关公为了防范东吴，在汉代旧城旁筑了一座新城，都是有历史记载的。 凡读过《三国演义》的人，都知道刘备假意哭荆州、关公大意失荆州的故事。我们的第一站就到了“兵家必争之地。”的荆州。
荆州市位于湖北省中南部、江汉平原腹地，东望省会武汉、西接长江三峡，南与湖南常德、岳阳、益阳交界、北与荆门毗邻，辖荆州、沙市两个区和公安、监利、江陵三个县及松滋、洪湖、石首三个市。总国土面积483平方公里，总人口630万。
荆州城早在四千多年前的夏代就已经形成，它是大禹治水定天下，定下来的九州之一，因为它管辖范围很大，包括湖北、湖南，两广边界和河南南阳盆地，而且靠的是湖北省南漳县西边的荆山山脉，当时古人按照依山傍水定地名的惯例定它为荆州。这个城市的特点就是一城二名，既叫荆州城，又叫江陵城，江陵城的来历是两千六百多年以前成立了江陵县，江陵这两个字的意思就是“远处无高山，近处皆陵埠”，也就是远处没有高山，近处都是丘陵和水的意思。“千里江陵一日还”的诗句，说的就是这个城市。
现在咱们所在的位置是荆州市的沙市区，不知道在座的朋友有没有来过我们沙市的呢?沙市原先是个轻工业城市，特别是纺织业比较发达，而且还有几个比较有名的企业，比如说活力28我想大家应该都知道吧。另外呢，沙市最早的时候也不叫沙市，叫沙石，可能是因为原来这里石头比较多的原因吧。原来它是长江上比较热闹的一个码头，早在1895年，清政府跟英国签定的(马关条约)里面有一条就是在长江上开辟五个通商口岸，那么沙市就是这五个通商口岸中的其中之一。
荆州市是楚文化的发祥地，中外闻名的三国古战场，湘鄂西革命根据地的中心，是国务院首批公布的全国24座历史文化名城之一，地处长江三峡旅游线、古三国旅游线、楚文化旅游线上，人文景观很多，历史遗迹遍布全市，现有国家级重点文物保护单位5处：鸡公山遗址、楚纪南城、八岭山古墓群、荆州古城墙、湘鄂西革命根据地旧址;省级重点文物保护单位32处，市9(县)级重点文物保护单位500余处。荆州自古为兵家必争之地。三国时，魏、蜀、吴为夺取荆州，不是留下了“刘备借荆州”、“关羽大意失荆州”等许多动人的故事，而且留下了大量的三国遗址。主要有江陵的关公点将台、马跑泉，洪湖的曹操湾、乌林寨，监利的子龙岗、华容道，石首的绣林镇、刘郎浦，公安的孙夫人城等。荆州城有保存完好的古城墙，历经1800多年，古貌犹存。现存城规模之大保存之好，为我过南方所仅有，在全国也为数不多。城内有建于唐代的开元观、玄妙观，建于明代的太晖观，建于清代的文庙、关庙和铁女寺。据考古发现、，荆州早在五千年前就是原始人类生存的地区，城北的鸡公山就是五万年至二十万年前的一处旧石器时代的遗址。五、六千年前，人类在荆州大地上创造了灿烂的屈家岭文化和石家河文化。春秋战过时代，青铜器冶炼技术，煅铸铁技术，丝织刺绣技术和漆器工艺技术都处于世界领先水平;老庄哲学、楚辞文学和音乐舞蹈也都登上了古代世界文明的殿堂。楚故都纪南城及其周围，有楚城遗址5座，楚文化遗址83处，大型古墓800多处，其中包括18个楚王的葬墓。三国时期，诸葛亮称荆州“北据汉沔，利尽南海，东连吴会，西通巴蜀，此用武之过也。”魏、蜀、吴三国的众多政治家、军事家围绕荆州斗智斗勇，留下了无数脍炙人口的故事和许多三国胜迹。
荆州自古人杰地灵，素有“唯楚有才”之誉。世界四大历史文化名人之一的屈原，就曾在这里任职20余年。屈原是世界四大文化名人中的一员，也是我国杰出的大文豪，最早的伟大爱国诗人，还是伟大的政治家、思想家、外交家和改革家。屈原，名平，字原，又名正则，表字灵均。“正则”即“平”，以法天：“灵均”即“原”，以法地。战国时期楚国人，故里汉寿沧港。约生于公元前340年正月初7日(有说初5日)，逝于公元前278年，5月初5日，享年62岁。屈原是楚武王熊通之后，“屈”是楚国(昭、屈、景)三族中第一个大旺族。武王把次子“瑕”分封在屈的地方，即今日的汉寿境地。“瑕”就以“屈”为他的派称，以后便成了“屈”姓。从“瑕”到屈原已有5百多年的历史。屈原的祖父屈宜恤，做过宣王时的司马，威王时的“莫敖”，是威震诸侯的大将军，屈原的父亲屈丐，字伯庸，是统帅楚国最精锐“申息”之师的大将军。
屈原幼年，入公侯子第学校读书，资质聪颖，过目不忘，又日夜苦读，积累了不少文、史、神话和天文方面的知识，加之其父母教育甚严，公认他是王族子弟中的姣姣者，
屈原青年时，就明于治理，娴于辞令。德才兼备，又是武王的后裔，怀王很器重他。约18岁就选入王室，20岁就奉命第一次出使(使者相当大夫)齐国，出色地完成了六国联盟的重任。约22岁被任为左徒(太傅，即国王的秘书长)仅次于令尹(宰相)，职位极大，并与楚怀王“成言”，即对天盟誓，君臣志同到老。便参与怀王内政外交的重大决策。他积极主张明王法度。举贤荐能，联齐抗秦，统一中国，实现“美政”，怀王乐意采纳。然而以南后郑袖为首的贵族集团嫉妒屈原，反对改革，尽力谗毁，昏君糊涂地把他流放，此时屈原约30岁。
屈原离京后，前往江南途中，因秦魏攻楚时，怀王想起屈原，便派人找回了他，怀王命他第二次出齐，联齐抗秦，凭自身的才名和三寸不烂之舌，一举说服齐宣王。但是，张仪又勾结南后再次诋毁屈原，怀王勃然大怒，改任他为三闾大夫，此职是掌管王族三姓的有关事务，负责谱牒，祭祀和教育等。虽职位较高，但不能面见国王。当怀王出秦赴约时，容颜憔悴的屈原，跪在路边哭劝，反被奸臣靳尚推倒在地，飞车而去，其恶果怀王被扣，囚禁三年，死于秦国，这时屈原已42岁。
屈原听说怀王灵柩已回，赴京扶柩痛哭，并奉劝襄王与秦断交，襄王已动心而未成行，反娶秦王之女，认贼作父，屈原竟拼命求见，在宫门口却碰上子兰，他大声怒骂子兰。第二天，子兰向襄王极力屈原，襄王大怒，便撤了他三闾大夫之职，流放江南很久他已50余岁了。
屈原离开郢都，沿长江而下，满怀悲愤，忧愁交加，便写下了《离骚》。在流浪中写了《招魂》，还设灵位诵此诗祭祀怀王。以后过洞庭、逆沅水，回到汉寿沧港故里住了很久。在此期间他每天在河边湖畔走来走去，独吟诗歌。他已面黄肌瘦，形若枯槁。一天在沧浪河畔遇渔父相交谈心，便写下了《渔父》。尔后，他离家行至湘水时，秦军破郢都，闻此消息，他更忧国忧民，心似火焚，就写下最后一首《怀沙》诗，表明他坚守忠洁、誓死不屈的决心。于5月5日自沉汩罗江，年62岁，故里沧港人民一听到屈原投河，立刻去汩罗捞尸，并将包好的粽子投入河中，以免鱼龙伤害尸体。年年如此，便成了端午龙舟竞渡和包粽子的传统风俗。
1953年，农历5月初5日，我国广泛开展了纪念屈原的活动。同年9月，世界和平理事会开会纪念屈原，号召全世界人民向他学习。
屈原创造了与日月争光的楚辞25篇，其中23篇是在故里沧港写就。《离骚》是中国诗坛的杰作。也是世界著名的史诗，译成许多国家的文字。在很多国家的图书馆里还挂着屈原的画像。《国风》和《离骚》合称为“风骚”，连诗人也称“骚人”。抗日时期，曾一时定5月5日为“诗人节”。
屈原虽已离我们2283周年了，但他的著作是全世界人民的精神财富，具有深远的历史意义。和伟大的现实意义。我们不仅要世代缅怀他，而且要广泛宣传和认真学习他。我们要学习他坚持奋进的思想，忠诚高洁的品德，宁死不屈的意志和爱国爱民的伟大精神。
明朝“宰相之杰”张居正，字叔大，号太岳，湖广江陵(今属湖北)人，又称张江陵。明代政治家，改革家。嘉靖二十六年(1547年)进士，由编修官至侍讲学士令翰林事。隆庆元年(1567年)任吏部左侍郎兼东阁大学士。隆庆时与高拱并为宰辅，为吏部尚书、建极殿大学士。万历初年，与宦官冯保合谋逐高拱，代为首辅。当时神宗年幼，一切军政大事均由居正主持裁决，前后当国10年，实行了一系列改革措施，收到一定成效。他清查地主隐瞒的田地，推行一条鞭法，改变赋税制度，使明朝政府的财政状况有所改善;用名将戚继光、李成梁等练兵，加强北部边防，整饬边镇防务;用潘季驯主持浚治黄淮，亦颇有成效。万历十年(1582年)卒，赠上柱国，谥文忠。死后不久即被宦官张诚及守旧官僚所攻讦，籍其家;至天启时方恢复名誉。著有《张太岳集》、《书经直解》等。“公安派”文学才子三袁，当代著名文学家曹禺、邹荻帆、欧阳山等，都是荆州人。
荆州水陆交通发达，通信设备日趋完备。有干支公路1569条，全市在网通车里程4099.18公里，中心城区公交线路28条，运营线路网长度138公里。207、318国道和宜黄公路贯穿全境。焦枝、荆沙铁路穿越其间。以长江、汉江为主航道，水上运输便利。拥有程控电话、光纤通讯、彩色电视电话、数字微波等现代化通信设备，同时受世界上150多个国家和地区的邮电业务。
这个著名的文化士城，座落在辽阔富饶的江汉平原的西沿。汉朝的时候，全国划分为三十六州，道里因北有荆山而得名。东晋以后，有几个皇帝在这里建都，使这座城池成了历代王朝屯兵置府的重镇、兵家必争之地。
荆州古城分为三层，外边是水城，中间是砖城，里面是土城。据说当年为防止城基下陷，洪水泛城，右城脚条石缝中浇灌糯米浆，因而城墙特别坚固。传说三国蜀将关云长镇守荆州，忽遇九位仙女下凡。传王母娘娘旨意，说荆州 刀兵动得太多，要收回置于神地，不准凡人争夺。关公忠于其兄不让荆州，于是想了一个计策，说：“你们在西北，我在东南，各筑一城，城周五千步，天黑始，鸡鸣止，谁先筑好，谁就管理这个地方。，九仙女用衣裙兜土，关公伐芦苇筑城。关公城就，九仙女城差一隅，鸡尚未鸣。关公振动鸡笼芦席，公鸡啼鸣，九仙女羞愧地上天去了。这就是现在荆州城北门外九女琢的来历。又传说张飞也挑担土来帮二哥筑城，可是来晚了，便将土倒在东门外，现今人们都把这两座小口山似的土叫“张飞一担土”。这些都是神话传说，然而关公为了防范东吴，在汉代旧城旁筑了一座新城，都是有历史记载的。 凡读过《三国演义》的人，都知道刘备假意哭荆州、关公大意失荆州的故事。我们的第一站就到了“兵家必争之地。”的荆州。
荆州市位于湖北省中南部、江汉平原腹地，东望省会武汉、西接长江三峡，南与湖南常德、岳阳、益阳交界、北与荆门毗邻，辖荆州、沙市两个区和公安、监利、江陵三个县及松滋、洪湖、石首三个市。总国土面积483平方公里，总人口630万。
荆州城早在四千多年前的夏代就已经形成，它是大禹治水定天下，定下来的九州之一，因为它管辖范围很大，包括湖北、湖南，两广边界和河南南阳盆地，而且靠的是湖北省南漳县西边的荆山山脉，当时古人按照依山傍水定地名的惯例定它为荆州。这个城市的特点就是一城二名，既叫荆州城，又叫江陵城，江陵城的来历是两千六百多年以前成立了江陵县，江陵这两个字的意思就是“远处无高山，近处皆陵埠”，也就是远处没有高山，近处都是丘陵和水的意思。“千里江陵一日还”的诗句，说的就是这个城市。
现在咱们所在的位置是荆州市的沙市区，不知道在座的朋友有没有来过我们沙市的呢?沙市原先是个轻工业城市，特别是纺织业比较发达，而且还有几个比较有名的企业，比如说活力28我想大家应该都知道吧。另外呢，沙市最早的时候也不叫沙市，叫沙石，可能是因为原来这里石头比较多的原因吧。原来它是长江上比较热闹的一个码头，早在1895年，清政府跟英国签定的(马关条约)里面有一条就是在长江上开辟五个通商口岸，那么沙市就是这五个通商口岸中的其中之一。
荆州市是楚文化的发祥地，中外闻名的三国古战场，湘鄂西革命根据地的中心，是国务院首批公布的全国24座历史文化名城之一，地处长江三峡旅游线、古三国旅游线、楚文化旅游线上，人文景观很多，历史遗迹遍布全市，现有国家级重点文物保护单位5处：鸡公山遗址、楚纪南城、八岭山古墓群、荆州古城墙、湘鄂西革命根据地旧址;省级重点文物保护单位32处，市9(县)级重点文物保护单位500余处。荆州自古为兵家必争之地。三国时，魏、蜀、吴为夺取荆州，不是留下了“刘备借荆州”、“关羽大意失荆州”等许多动人的故事，而且留下了大量的三国遗址。主要有江陵的关公点将台、马跑泉，洪湖的曹操湾、乌林寨，监利的子龙岗、华容道，石首的绣林镇、刘郎浦，公安的孙夫人城等。荆州城有保存完好的古城墙，历经1800多年，古貌犹存。现存城规模之大保存之好，为我过南方所仅有，在全国也为数不多。城内有建于唐代的开元观、玄妙观，建于明代的太晖观，建于清代的文庙、关庙和铁女寺。据考古发现、，荆州早在五千年前就是原始人类生存的地区，城北的鸡公山就是五万年至二十万年前的一处旧石器时代的遗址。五、六千年前，人类在荆州大地上创造了灿烂的屈家岭文化和石家河文化。春秋战过时代，青铜器冶炼技术，煅铸铁技术，丝织刺绣技术和漆器工艺技术都处于世界领先水平;老庄哲学、楚辞文学和音乐舞蹈也都登上了古代世界文明的殿堂。楚故都纪南城及其周围，有楚城遗址5座，楚文化遗址83处，大型古墓800多处，其中包括18个楚王的葬墓。三国时期，诸葛亮称荆州“北据汉沔，利尽南海，东连吴会，西通巴蜀，此用武之过也。”魏、蜀、吴三国的众多政治家、军事家围绕荆州斗智斗勇，留下了无数脍炙人口的故事和许多三国胜迹。
荆州自古人杰地灵，素有“唯楚有才”之誉。世界四大历史文化名人之一的屈原，就曾在这里任职20余年。屈原是世界四大文化名人中的一员，也是我国杰出的大文豪，最早的伟大爱国诗人，还是伟大的政治家、思想家、外交家和改革家。屈原，名平，字原，又名正则，表字灵均。“正则”即“平”，以法天：“灵均”即“原”，以法地。战国时期楚国人，故里汉寿沧港。约生于公元前340年正月初7日(有说初5日)，逝于公元前278年，5月初5日，享年62岁。屈原是楚武王熊通之后，“屈”是楚国(昭、屈、景)三族中第一个大旺族。武王把次子“瑕”分封在屈的地方，即今日的汉寿境地。“瑕”就以“屈”为他的派称，以后便成了“屈”姓。从“瑕”到屈原已有5百多年的历史。屈原的祖父屈宜恤，做过宣王时的司马，威王时的“莫敖”，是威震诸侯的大将军，屈原的父亲屈丐，字伯庸，是统帅楚国最精锐“申息”之师的大将军。
屈原幼年，入公侯子第学校读书，资质聪颖，过目不忘，又日夜苦读，积累了不少文、史、神话和天文方面的知识，加之其父母教育甚严，公认他是王族子弟中的姣姣者，
屈原青年时，就明于治理，娴于辞令。德才兼备，又是武王的后裔，怀王很器重他。约18岁就选入王室，20岁就奉命第一次出使(使者相当大夫)齐国，出色地完成了六国联盟的重任。约22岁被任为左徒(太傅，即国王的秘书长)仅次于令尹(宰相)，职位极大，并与楚怀王“成言”，即对天盟誓，君臣志同到老。便参与怀王内政外交的重大决策。他积极主张明王法度。举贤荐能，联齐抗秦，统一中国，实现“美政”，怀王乐意采纳。然而以南后郑袖为首的贵族集团嫉妒屈原，反对改革，尽力谗毁，昏君糊涂地把他流放，此时屈原约30岁。
屈原离京后，前往江南途中，因秦魏攻楚时，怀王想起屈原，便派人找回了他，怀王命他第二次出齐，联齐抗秦，凭自身的才名和三寸不烂之舌，一举说服齐宣王。但是，张仪又勾结南后再次诋毁屈原，怀王勃然大怒，改任他为三闾大夫，此职是掌管王族三姓的有关事务，负责谱牒，祭祀和教育等。虽职位较高，但不能面见国王。当怀王出秦赴约时，容颜憔悴的屈原，跪在路边哭劝，反被奸臣靳尚推倒在地，飞车而去，其恶果怀王被扣，囚禁三年，死于秦国，这时屈原已42岁。
屈原听说怀王灵柩已回，赴京扶柩痛哭，并奉劝襄王与秦断交，襄王已动心而未成行，反娶秦王之女，认贼作父，屈原竟拼命求见，在宫门口却碰上子兰，他大声怒骂子兰。第二天，子兰向襄王极力 屈原，襄王大怒，便撤了他三闾大夫之职，流放江南很久他已50余岁了。
屈原离开郢都，沿长江而下，满怀悲愤，忧愁交加，便写下了《离骚》。在流浪中写了《招魂》，还设灵位诵此诗祭祀怀王。以后过洞庭、逆沅水，回到汉寿沧港故里住了很久。在此期间他每天在河边湖畔走来走去，独吟诗歌。他已面黄肌瘦，形若枯槁。一天在沧浪河畔遇渔父相交谈心，便写下了《渔父》。尔后，他离家行至湘水时，秦军破郢都，闻此消息，他更忧国忧民，心似火焚，就写下最后一首《怀沙》诗，表明他坚守忠洁、誓死不屈的决心。于5月5日自沉汩罗江，年62岁，故里沧港人民一听到屈原投河，立刻去汩罗捞尸，并将包好的粽子投入河中，以免鱼龙伤害尸体。年年如此，便成了端午龙舟竞渡和包粽子的传统风俗。
1953年，农历5月初5日，我国广泛开展了纪念屈原的活动。同年9月，世界和平理事会开会纪念屈原，号召全世界人民向他学习。
屈原创造了与日月争光的楚辞25篇，其中23篇是在故里沧港写就。《离骚》是中国诗坛的杰作。也是世界著名的史诗，译成许多国家的文字。在很多国家的图书馆里还挂着屈原的画像。《国风》和《离骚》合称为“风骚”，连诗人也称“骚人”。抗日时期，曾一时定5月5日为“诗人节”。
屈原虽已离我们2283周年了，但他的著作是全世界人民的精神财富，具有深远的历史意义。和伟大的现实意义。我们不仅要世代缅怀他，而且要广泛宣传和认真学习他。我们要学习他坚持奋进的思想，忠诚高洁的品德，宁死不屈的意志和爱国爱民的伟大精神。
明朝“宰相之杰”张居正，字叔大，号太岳，湖广江陵(今属湖北)人，又称张江陵。明代政治家，改革家。嘉靖二十六年(1547年)进士，由编修官至侍讲学士令翰林事。隆庆元年(1567年)任吏部左侍郎兼东阁大学士。隆庆时与高拱并为宰辅，为吏部尚书、建极殿大学士。万历初年，与宦官冯保合谋逐高拱，代为首辅。当时神宗年幼，一切军政大事均由居正主持裁决，前后当国20xx年，实行了一系列改革措施，收到一定成效。他清查地主隐瞒的田地，推行一条鞭法，改变赋税制度，使明朝政府的财政状况有所改善;用名将戚继光、李成梁等练兵，加强北部边防，整饬边镇防务;用潘季驯主持浚治黄淮，亦颇有成效。万历十年(1582年)卒，赠上柱国，谥文忠。死后不久即被宦官张诚及守旧官僚所攻讦，籍其家;至天启时方恢复名誉。著有《张太岳集》、《书经直解》等。“公安派”文学才子三袁，当代著名文学家曹禺、邹荻帆、欧阳山等，都是荆州人。
荆州水陆交通发达，通信设备日趋完备。有干支公路1569条，全市在网通车里程4099.18公里，中心城区公交线路28条，运营线路网长度138公里。207、318国道和宜黄公路贯穿全境。焦枝、荆沙铁路穿越其间。以长江、汉江为主航道，水上运输便利。拥有程控电话、光纤通讯、彩色电视电话、数字微波等现代化通信设备，同时受世界上150多个国家和地区的邮电业务。
荆州古城又名江陵城。是我国历史文化名城之一。 南邻沙市，傍倚长江。城墙盘旋于湖光水色之中，依地势而起伏，顺湖池而迂回，蜿蜒伸展，状若游龙。巍巍古城，已有20xx多年历史，自秦汉起，耸有城廓，五代十国后，始建砖城，宋、元、明几毁几修。现保存完好的古城墙，为清顺治三年(公元1646年)依明城垣所建，近年来，沿城墙内外修建了许多新景点。
大家都知道《三国演义》里的刘备假意哭荆州、关公大意失荆州的故事。这里就是“兵家必争之地。”的荆州。这个著名的文化名城，座落在辽阔富饶的江汉平原的西沿。汉朝的时候，全国划分为三十六州，这里因北有荆山而得名。东晋以后，有几个皇帝在这里建都，使这座城池成了历代王朝屯兵置府的重镇、兵家必争之地。
荆州城由于地处江湖之会，是连接东南西北水陆交通的枢纽，这里土地肥沃，气候温和，特产丰富，而且还曾是全国重要的商业中心之一，在西汉时期，名列南方五郡之冠。
荆州这个名称，是上古大禹治水时所定的九州(冀、衮、青、扬、荆、豫、梁、雍)之一，以当时境内荆山得名。三国以后，荆州城一直是州、郡一级的治所，有的还曾在此建都立国。
荆州古城分为三层，外边是水城，中间是砖城，里面是土城。据说当年为防止城基下陷，洪水泛城，右城脚条石缝中浇灌糯米浆，因而城墙特别坚固。传说三国蜀将关云长镇守荆州，忽遇九位仙女下凡。传王母娘娘旨意，说荆州刀兵动得太多，要收回置于神地，不准凡人争夺。关公忠于其兄不让荆州，于是想了一个计策，说：“你们在西北，我在东南，各筑一城，城周五千步，天黑始，鸡鸣止，谁先筑好，谁就管理这个地方。，九仙女用衣裙兜土，关公伐芦苇筑城。关公城就，九仙女城差一隅，鸡尚未鸣。关公振动鸡笼芦席，公鸡啼鸣，九仙女羞愧地上天去了。这就是现在荆州城北门外九女琢的来历。又传说张飞也挑担土来帮二哥筑城，可是来晚了，便将土倒在东门外，现今人们都把这两座小口山似的土叫“张飞一担土”。这些都是神话传说，然而关公为了防范东吴，在汉代旧城旁筑了一座新城，都是有历史记载的。
荆州城北十华里，是春秋战国时代中国南方最大城市的遗址——“楚纪南故城”。楚国有二十个国王，前后四百一十一年在这里建都。故城地上、地下、城内、城外，蕴藏着丰富的楚国文化。在这里随手都可以拣到两千多年前的瓦片和陶片。
在荆州古城内有关三国的古迹，还有关公行军的大铁锅、养马槽;有吕蒙袭荆州时，守军丢盔弃甲的掷甲山等等。城外，八岭山中有关众多有关三国关羽传说的遗址。我们步下八岭山南端的落帽台，向山中进发，穿过层层松林，来到关公刨泉处。泉边碑文记载：“刘先主困当阳时，关公引师救之，取道过此，人马俱困，忠义感泉涌出，传诵至今。”现在，这口泉的泉水，或为茶亭取水泡茶以待游人;或为酒厂取水酿酒，以款宾客。
悠久的历史，给荆州留下了难以数计的古文物，现保存在荆州博物馆内的就有三千多件。以卧薪尝胆闻名的越王勾践，他所使用的一把宝剑，一九六五年在荆州城北出土。剑上有乌篆铭文：「越王勾践，自作用剑」八个大字。剑身满是菱形花纹，镶嵌著三色玻璃和绿松石。剑刃极其锋利，至今仍能吹毛断发，削铁如泥。
由于上学的原因,来到了这个古城,荆州虽不能与北京,上海那些大城市比,但它有它独特的韵味,在荆州,最常见的就是它的古城墙了.这里共有7个城门,整个城市就是被城墙包围着的.三月里,春暖花开,结伴一起骑着脚踏车,迎着暖暖的春风,把我们青春的脚步留在城墙脚下,也留下我们美好的回忆!
荆州还有很多有名的景点:桃花岛,荆州长江天鹅洲白暨豚国家级自然保护区,万寿宝塔,春秋阁,金凤腾飞,三国公园,荆州博物馆等等.现在正是去桃花村的大好时机呀,品尝着农家菜,看着片片桃花,心情豁然开朗的许多,在这里远离城市的喧闹,好似来到了世外桃源呀!
这个著名的文化士城，座落在辽阔富饶的江汉平原的西沿。汉朝的时候，全国划分为三十六州，道里因北有荆山而得名。东晋以后，有几个皇帝在这里建都，使这座城池成了历代王朝屯兵置府的重镇、兵家必争之地。
荆州古城分为三层，外边是水城，中间是砖城，里面是土城。据说当年为防止城基下陷，洪水泛城，右城脚条石缝中浇灌糯米浆，因而城墙特别坚固。传说三国蜀将关云长镇守荆州，忽遇九位仙女下凡。传王母娘娘旨意，说荆州刀兵动得太多，要收回置于神地，不准凡人争夺。关公忠于其兄不让荆州，于是想了一个计策，说：“你们在西北，我在东南，各筑一城，城周五千步，天黑始，鸡鸣止，谁先筑好，谁就管理这个地方。，九仙女用衣裙兜土，关公伐芦苇筑城。关公城就，九仙女城差一隅，鸡尚未鸣。关公振动鸡笼芦席，公鸡啼鸣，九仙女羞愧地上天去了。这就是现在荆州城北门外九女琢的来历。又传说张飞也挑担土来帮二哥筑城，可是来晚了，便将土倒在东门外，现今人们都把这两座小口山似的土叫“张飞一担土”。这些都是神话传说，然而关公为了防范东吴，在汉代旧城旁筑了一座新城，都是有历史记载的。凡读过《三国演义》的人，都知道刘备假意哭荆州、关公大意失荆州的故事。我们的第一站就到了“兵家必争之地。”的荆州。
各位嘉宾，大家上午好!
今天我们将参观著名的荆州古城。
“闻听三国事，每欲到荆州”。一提起荆州，您一定会自然而然地想到小说《三国演义》中刘备借荆州、鲁肃讨荆州、吕蒙袭荆州、关羽失荆州那些脍炙人口的三国故事，一百二十回《三国演义》，就有七十二回的内容涉及荆州。千百年来，到荆州古城探询三国历史烟云陈迹的凭吊者、访古者、探幽者络绎不绝。作为大家的实地导游，我很荣幸能够借这样一个机会把荆州古城逾两千年来演变和发展的历史画卷展现给大家。
我们现在所处的位置是荆州城东门外，大家面前的这条几十米宽的河流就是护城河，在打仗之时，它是抵御敌人攻城的一道天然屏障，而如今在这条河上，每年都会举办隆重的国际龙舟邀请赛。入城之前，首先请让我给大家介绍一下荆州古城的历史背景。
荆州城，又名江陵城。是目前我国南方保存最为完整的一座古代城池，也是1982年国务院首批公布的全国24座历史文化名城之一;1996年，荆州古城墙被国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位;20xx年时，以荆州古城为中心的荆州市又被国家旅游局命名为中国优秀旅游城市。
回顾荆州的历史，可以说与华夏上下五千年的文明史紧密相连。大家都知道，中华民族是炎黄子孙，黄帝和炎帝部落合并统一华夏后，“割地布九州”(冀、兖、青、徐、扬、荆、豫、梁、雍)，荆州即为这古老的九州之一。
“荆州”这个名称，最早见于战国时期的典籍《尚书?禹贡》中的“荆及衡阳惟荆州”，当时荆州的区域面积是很大的，春秋战国时期的楚国便是兴起于荆州域内。据史料记载，周庄王八年(即公元前689年)，楚文王将都城迁往今天荆州城北五公里处的纪南城，楚国在此建都长达420xx年，前后经历了二十个国王，创造了与黄河流域中原文化辉映 并重，并可与古希腊、古罗马文化相媲美的楚文化。相传楚成王(公元前671至520xx年)在位时，为了毕览长江胜景，在荆州城区营建了“飞楼百尺照湖水、上有燕赵千娥眉”的诸宫和宫船码头，这诸宫和宫船码头就是今天荆州城的雏形。秦昭王二十九年(即公元前278年)，秦国名将白起率兵攻打楚国，占领了江汉之间的地域，秦随即在楚都设南郡，为当时全国三十六郡之一。后来，秦又在今天荆州城的地方设立江陵县，“以地临江”、“近州无高山，所有皆陵阜”，故称“江陵”。公元前120xx年，汉武帝建立荆州刺史部，为全国为十三州之一，从此，荆州开始成为行政区划的名称。
自秦汉以后，荆州成为历代王朝封王置府的重镇，一直是州、郡一级治所，有的朝代还曾在此建都立国。三国时，这里是争霸的要津，孙刘联合在赤壁一战大破曹军，刘备遂于次年向孙权借得荆州，并以此为根基迅速发展蜀国势力。此后，东晋末年的安帝，南朝时的齐和帝、梁元帝、后梁宣帝，隋时的后梁王以及唐末五代十国时的南平国王等，先后有11个纷争王侯在此称帝(王)建都，长达100余年。唐代的荆州是陪都，称“南郡”，与长安城南北呼应。宋朝建立后，于此置江陵府。元初改江陵府为上路总管府。明初又改设荆州府。清代则沿用明朝制度。民国时，荆州属湖北省第四行政都察区。中华人民共和国成立后，荆州城是湖北省荆州地区专员公署和江陵县人民政府机关所在地。1994年，原荆州地区和沙市市合并成立荆沙市，1997年更名为荆州市，荆州城为荆州市六县市二区的荆州区所在地。
荆州城地处天下之中，江湖之会，历来就是兵家必争之地。诸葛亮曾说：“荆州北据汉沔、利尽南海，东连吴、会，西通巴、蜀，此用武之国”。汉代以耿直忠烈闻名的宰相李固，三国名将关羽、周瑜、吕蒙、陆逊，晋代文武双全的大司马陶侃都曾镇守过荆州;晋代诗人谢灵运、鲍照，唐代开明宰相张九龄、张柬之，大文学家韩愈、元稹以及宋代大政治家王安石等著名历史人物，也都曾在荆州担任过大小不同的职务。此外，历代的许多次重大农民起义，也都把荆州作为重要的攻夺目标，如西汉末年的王匡、王凤，唐末的黄巢，元末的陈友谅，明末的李自成和张献忠等领导的农民起义军都曾攻占过荆州城。
除了是军事要地，古代荆州城的经济与文化也是非常活跃和繁荣的。由于交通便捷、土地肥沃、气候温和、物产丰富，早在西汉时期，它已发展成为全国十大商业中心之一，名列南方五郡之首。南北朝时，便成为“长江中游第一城”，与下游著名的商业城市扬州齐名，史称“江左大镇莫过荆、扬”。虽然在西魏时期曾一度毁于战难，但到中唐又逐渐恢复繁华且其规模约十倍于以前，所以荆州城在当时被定位“陪都”，与长安、洛阳并称。
荆州是楚文化的中心，是“钟鸣楚天”的音乐、舞蹈之邦，享有“惟楚有才”的盛誉。千百年来，这里文化昌盛，人才辈出，孕育有楚国著名爱国诗人屈原、唐代著名边塞诗人岑参、宋代“小万卷”朱昴等一大批江陵才子。在政坛，从荆州走出的宰相有唐代刘洎、段文昌和“一门三相”的岑之本、岑长清、岑羲祖孙三代，最为著名的是明代宰相张居正，他力主革除弊政，发展经济，在当时起到了一定的积极作用，为后人所崇敬。同时，荆州城旖旎的自然风光和深厚的文化底蕴，还吸引了历代众多知名文人志士前来观光游览、咏诗会友，汉代的司马迁，魏晋南北朝的王粲、陶渊明，唐代的王维、孟浩然、李白、杜甫、刘禹锡、李商隐、杜牧，宋代的苏轼、陆游及明清的袁宏道、王士祯等都曾游历过荆州城，并留下大量的诗文佳作，其中最负盛名的当属李白《下江陵》一诗中“朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还”的绝句了。
好了，说了这么多，大家对荆州古城的过去一定有了进一步地了解吧。现在就让我们一起去来看看现在的荆州城里到底是个什么样子。请大家紧跟着我沿着右边的人行道上城，左边是马道，如果您留意的话，就会发现砌成马道的砖上刻有文字，这就是荆州古城墙上极为珍贵的铭文砖，又叫文字砖，它们记载了历代修建荆州城墙的漫长历史过程，反映了荆州所管辖的行政区域的变迁状况，具有重要的历史研究价值。
相传在汉代荆州就筑有正规的城墙，后经蜀将关羽、东吴守将朱然和东晋荆州刺史桓温及梁元帝等12次维修扩建，使荆州城更加坚实壮阔，但这都是土城墙。据史料记载，荆州最初的砖城墙始建于五代十国时期，荆南节度使高季兴出于割据荆州自立为王的目的，于公元920xx年动用十几万军民大修荆州砖城墙，筑城的砖不够，就下令四处挖取墓砖，方圆五十里内的坟墓尽遭挖掘。据说城墙筑成后，每到深夜，墙上便游荡出无数的磷光，看上去像“鬼火”，令人毛骨悚然。北宋末年，因“靖康”战火焚烧，城墙大毁。到了南宋时，荆州安抚史赵雄为了加强荆州防御，上奏淳熙皇帝准许，于公元1187年大兴土木，在11个月的时间内重修起砖城墙，还在城墙上建造战楼一千余间，这次筑城的砖为政府下令烧制的“专用城砖”，砖上有责任铭文，但没有年号记载。后来，元兵攻占荆州城，忽必烈下令将城墙全部拆除。朱元璋建立明朝后，再次依旧基修复，并在城周开掘护城河。明末张献忠率领农民起义军攻进荆州城后，城墙又被愤怒的义军所拆除。直至清顺治三年(即公元1646年)，第三次在旧基上筑起城墙，这就是留存至今的荆州古城墙。城池构筑十分坚牢，为了防止城墙因水侵腐蚀而下陷，城墙基脚全部用条石垒砌，墙面均用石灰糯米浆灌缝，尽管曾遭三毁三建，且历经三百多个春秋寒暑，该城墙依然保存完好。新中国成立以后，国家和当地政府对荆州古城进行了重点保护，对荆州城及周边环境加以改造、整治、修缮和扩建，修建了内环道和外环道，疏通治理了护城河，在东门外和新北门分别建起了凤凰广场和天问广场，使荆州古城更加美丽、雄伟、壮观，这就是各位今天看到的荆州城古老而新鲜的面孔。
另外，据专家考证指出，到目前为止，荆州城墙上发现最早的、有年号的文字砖是明洪武二年(即公元1369年)的，距今已有六百多年的历史，此砖比新华社报道的、在万里长城上发现的万历年间的文字砖要早220xx年。更令人称奇的是，从文字砖上记载得知，这些砖不仅仅出自江汉平原，还有的来自省内其他地方及省外的湖南、陕西、江西等地，由此可见当时筑城工程之巨大。古代筑城，还体现出一种质量管理的思想，历代建筑或维修城墙所留下的或详或简的责任铭文，实际上都是一种公开的责任状。从城砖上文字记载的内容看，是十分细致严格的，除了记录有制砖的时间和地点外，还有关于监造人、制砖人、烧窑人、制砖费用、承担者姓名和具体负责的地方官员的详细铭文。可见在当时修筑荆州城墙时采取了“全民动员、上下动手、分工明确、责任到人”的做法。荆州之所以在古代一直被誉为“铁打的荆州”，与这种“责任制”是分不开的。这也是我们今天需要从先贤那里学习和借鉴的。
大家仔细的观察这些文字砖，细心的朋友还会发现在文字刻法上，既有阴刻，也有阳刻，还有阴阳兼刻;在书法字体上，既有行书，也有楷书;在字的写法上，则既有繁体字，又有简化字。因此，这些文字砖还有重要的艺术研究价值，值得进一步开发和利用。
现在，我们登上了东门城楼，凭栏远眺，遥想关羽当年，朱颜长髯，手握青龙偃月刀，您是否也壮心勃发，能够体验到“一夫当关，万夫莫开”的豪情呢?
从空中鸟瞰，荆州城墙就像一条游龙绵亘在水泊湖沼之中，呈不规则的椭圆形。整个城墙东西长3.75公里，南北宽1.2公里，周长10.5公里，城内面积4.5平方公里。城墙高8.83米，顶面宽3至5米不等，底座宽10米左右。城墙上建有城垛4567个，炮台26个以及藏兵洞4个。这些都是古代战争防御进攻的工具。
荆州古城共建有六座城门，东北各两座，西南各一座。东门名叫寅宾门，小东门名叫公安门，大北门名叫拱极门，又名柳门，小北门名叫远安门，南门名叫南纪门，西门名叫安澜门。每座城门的名称都与荆州的地理、历史和习俗有关，如小东门，当年刘备把油江口改为公安，迎娶孙夫人后乘船回荆州，在此门下舟登岸进荆州城，故名公安名;又如大北门，古时候城北有通往京都的大道，仕宦迁官调职时，皆出此门，官员友朋送行时，在此折柳相赠，故又称柳门。为什么古人不折桃李，却偏要折柳相赠呢?这可是有来由的，据史书记载，我国自汉代起，亲友临别时折柳相赠渐成习俗，是因“柳”是“留”的谐音，折柳相赠有“挽留”、“留恋”之意。除小东门之外，其他五座城门均有闾门，为二重门，二门之间有瓮城，二重门各设一个木质对开门，木门内还有一道10厘米厚的闸板，以防水患。此外，六座城门上原来都建有城门楼，东门城楼叫宾阳楼，小东门城楼叫望江楼，大北门城楼叫景龙楼，小北门城楼叫朝宗楼，南门城楼叫曲江楼，西门城楼叫九阳楼，由于朝代更替，历史变迁，加上战火的破坏，原有的城楼除大北门上的景龙楼为清朝道光十八年(即公元1838年)重修保存至今外，都已不复存在了。我们现在所在的东门宾阳楼，是国家为了发展荆州旅游事业，修缮和保护荆州古城于20世纪80年代拨款仿古重建的。
荆州城内外还零星散落着一些历史遗迹，也是值得大家前往一游的地方，如城内的开元观、玄妙观、铁女寺、文庙、关帝庙，城外的太晖观、关公点将台、张飞一担土等，除了城墙和这些历史遗迹外，在荆州城内再难看到古老的建筑，取而代之的是鳞次栉比的高楼大厦。随着时间的推进，昔日荆州城内的小街小巷也有宽阔的马路代替，形成纵横交错、井然有序的公路网。为了适应现代交通工具的需要，在东、南、北三面的城墙上又开凿了适合公交车辆通行的三座新城门，使今天荆州城的城门变为了9座。荆州古城内四处透射着现代气息，商业氛围非常浓郁，大型的商场有荆州商场、荆州百货大楼、荆州华联商厦、荆州楚天大楼等，在这些商场里各类商品应有尽有，如果您想购买一些荆州的土特产品带回家作为纪念或馈赠亲朋，我在此可以如数家珍地把荆州风物介绍给大家，请大家用心听好喽：在聚珍园这座有着百年历史的老饭店里可以买到正宗的江陵八宝饭，在荆州百货大楼里可以买到香酥可口的江陵九黄饼，在荆州丝绸厂里可以买到称心如意的织锦缎、仿古绸等丝绸产品，在荆州工艺美术厂还可以买到品种各异的仿古漆器……
好了，荆州古城的有关情况就给大家介绍到这儿了。现在给大家一刻钟的时间自由活动，大家可以在此拍照留念。
